<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531</id><updated>2011-10-23T07:15:26.732-07:00</updated><category term='Kuran-i Kerim'/><category term='İlginç Resimler'/><category term='Programlar'/><category term='Kitap Özetleri'/><category term='Özlü Sözler'/><category term='kadın'/><category term='Bilgisayar'/><category term='İnternet'/><title type='text'>Bilgi Öğren</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>561</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-4679042133431936900</id><published>2008-01-08T15:47:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-08T15:48:33.817-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Web 2.0</title><content type='html'>Web 2.0 Nedir? Gerçekten var mıdır?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bugünlerde her yerde aynı şey karşımıza çıkmaya başladı “WEB 2.0”. Peki nedir bu web 2.0? Herkes bunu tanımlamaya çalışıyor. Bazıları ise varlığını sorguluyor. İlk olarak karar vermemiz gereken gerçekten böyle bir kavram var mı yok mu? 90 yıllardan bu yana gelişimi katlanarak sürdüren ve birçok insan için vazgeçilmez hale gelen bir internet var. İnternet her yeri o kadar etkiledi ki içinde bulunduğumuz çağa internetinde etkisiyle bilişim çağı tanımlaması yapılmakta. İnterneti internet yapan en önemli unsurların başında web geliyor. Artık yegâne bilgi kaynağımız kütüphanelere çok güçlü bir alternatif olarak webi kullanıyoruz. Hızlı, kolay ve çok geniş olması webi çok güçlü yapan unsurlar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;İnterneti uzun zamandır kullanan kullanıcılar son zamanlarda bazı gelişmeler olduğunu fark edecektir. 2004 yılında yapılan O’Reilly ve MediaLive International tarafında organize edilen, web dünyasının başını çeken önemli şirketlerinde (Google, Yahoo, Msn, Amazon, Ebay…) katıldığı konferansta webin geleceği masaya yatırılmış ve varılan ortak görüşte son yıllarda yaşanan gelişmeler ve trendlere bir tanım arandı. İşte tam bu noktada ortaya yeni bir kavram atıldı “WEB 2.0”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aslında bu ortaya atılan kavram net olarak tanımlanmadı ve buda bazılarına göre sadece kandırmaca dan ibaret. Ancak olaya biraz daha profesyonel gözle bakanlar içinse böyle bir gerçeğin varlığı inkâr edilemez. Net bir tanımlama ortaya atılmamıştı, çünkü web 2.0 olarak lanse edilen bazı uygulamalar (Örn: Kazaa, Skype, ...) tam olarak bir web uygulaması bile değildi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bence WEB 2.0’ı tanımlamak için onu iki bölümde değerlendirmemiz daha doğru olacaktır. Bunlardan birincisi WEB 2.0’ın ortaya çıkmasını sağlayan teknolojik gelişmeler(Ajax, RSS, XML, CSS ...). Diğeri ise kullanıcıların bilgiye erişmekte kullanılan felsefede yaşanan büyük değişim.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Değişen Bilgi Kaynağı&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Öncelikle bilgiye erişimde yaşanan değişimi ele alacak olursak. Artık “bilgi” son kullanıcı yani bizim için gidip belli başlı kaynaklardan elde edilir olmaktan çıkarak son kullanıcının da kendine ait fikirlerini özgürce ortaya koyduğu bir ortam yaratmıştır. WEB 1.0’da kullanıcılar sadece okuyucuydu. Yani sadece bilgiyi tüketen konumda kullanıcı vardı, daha doğrusu bu kadarına izin verilen bir kullanıcı topluluğu vardı. Bu anlayış WEB 2.0’da yerini tamamen tüketen kullanıcı yerine bilgiyi oluşturan bir topluluğa bırakmaya başladı. Siteler içerikleri sadece site sahipleri tarafından belirlenmekten çıkmaya başladı ve herkesin katılımına izin veren kolektif siteler ortaya çıktı. Kullanıcılar blog kavramını kabul edip, hiçbir tasarım ve basit html komutlarını bile öğrenmeden 3-4 dakika gibi süre zarflarında kendilerine veya çeşitli ilgilerine ait siteler oluşturmaya başladılar. Yani yeni nesil webde bilgiyi sağlayan o kadar çoğaldı ki eskisi gibi kaynak site sayısı birkaç yüzden birkaç milyona taşındı. Eski web sadece bilgiyi almak üzerineyken yeni nesil webde ise sadece almak değil katkıda bulunmak bilgiyi paylaşmak kültürü oluştu. Bunun en güzel örneği ise eskiden ansiklopedik bilgi için İngilizce olarak kullanılan Britannica Online’daki sabit bir site yerine Wikipedia’yı koyabiliriz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wikipedia bir başlığın kullanıcı tarafında girilebileceği ve başka bir kişi tarafından değiştirilebileceği gibi önceki yıllarda böyle bir şeye ihtimal bile verilmeyen bir fikre dayalı çalışan online bir ansiklopedi. Burada kullanıcıya duyulan radikal bir güven karşımıza çıkıyor. Öyle ki siz herkese bir şeyler yazmaya izin veriyorsunuz ve böylece gerçekten muazzam bir kaynak ortaya çıkıyor. Kısa bir sürede yazılan bir milyon başlık ile çok hızla büyüyen bir ansiklopedi Wikipedia. Şuanda en sık ziyaret edilen ilk 100 site arasında ve çok yakında ilk 10’a girmesi beklenmekte. Burada öne çıkan içeriği yaratmadaki felsefe. Öncesine göre 180 derecelik bir değişim yaşanarak ipler kullanıcının eline verilmiş ve ortaya böyle bir tablo çıkmıştır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Özetle WEB 2.0’daki bilgi kavramı yeniden şekillenmiş ve artık bilgi istenildiği zaman, istenildiği ortamdan, istenildiği şekilde erişebileceği bir hal almıştır. Temel anlayış “webden aldığımız bilginin yanında ona kattığımız bilgiyle var olmak”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Teknolojik Gelişim Olarak Web 2.0&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;WEB 2.0’ın altında yatan felsefenin yanı sıra birde geliştirilen teknolojik özellikleri ile dikkat çekmekte. Aşağıdaki tabloda eski ve yeni trendleri karşılaştıralım. Web 2.0 ilgili yazılan yazıların çoğunda gördüğümüz bir tablo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Web 1.0 - Web 2.0&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Statik bannerlar - Sitedeki içeriğe göre reklam gösteren Google AdSense&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ofoto gibi fotoğrafları sadece kendi kullanımınız için saklayacağınız ortamlar - Milyonlarla paylaşabileceğiniz Flickr&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mp3 indirmek için listeleri gezeceğiniz bir mp3.com - Şarkı adını yazıp arama yaptığınız Kazaa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ansiklopedik bilgiyi arayacağınız yer Britannica Online - Ansiklopedik bilginin aşamalı şekilde oluştuğu Wikipedia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kişisel web siteleri - Bloglar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Domain name için akılda kalıcı tanımlamalar seçmek - Akılda kalmak ya da öne çıkmak için arama motorları optimizasyonları geliştirmek&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sayfa görüntülenmesi - Tıklamaların değerlendiği dönem&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;İçerik yönetim sistemleri - Herkesin bir şeyler söyleyebildiği wikipedia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Klasör yapıları (taxonomy) - tag yapıları (tagging,"folksonomy")&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bu tabloyu genel olarak özetleyecek olursak en çok göze çarpan değişim sadece okunabilirliğin yerini hem okunur hem de herkesin katkıda bulunup kendi fikirlerini dile getirdiği sitelere geçiş görüyoruz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;• Tabloda verilen ilk örnekte siteleri kaplayan hareketli ve alakasız bannerlardan kurtulup, web reklamları konusunda yeni ve orijinal bir anlayış getiren Google AdSense karşılaştırılmış. Eski web sitelerinin içinden çıkan can sıkıcı reklam bannerlarının yeri hızla alan ve metin tabanlı, küçük, rahatsızlık vermeyen ve en önemliside gerçekten ne ile ilgili bir sayfada iseniz o sayfaya uygun çıkan reklamlar. Google’ın çıkardığı bu yeni reklam pazarı site sahiplerini ve ziyaretçileri oldukça rahatlatmıştır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;• İkinci örnekte ise sadece kendi kullanımımız için kullanılan resim saklama sitelerinin yerini alan Flickr tarzı siteler. Bunlardan en dikkat çekeni tabi ki Yahoo’nun satın aldığı Flickr. Bu tarz siteler sizin istediğiniz resimleri internette yayınlamanıza ve milyonlarca kişinin bu fotoğraflara ulaşmasına izin veren siteler. Böylece elinizdeki resimler, kaydederken kullandığınız anahtar sözcükler sayesinde bu konuda resim arayan bir çok kişiye ulaşmasını sağlanıyor. Aynı zamanda kendi sitenizede yerleştirmenize izin veriyor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;• Üçüncü örnekte verilen Mp3.Com ve Kazaa karşılaştırması kullanıcıların mp3.com gibi sitelerde istedikleri mp3 dosyalarını aramakla vakit geçirmekten kurtarmıştır. Kazaa ve BitTorrent tarzı programlar sayesinde sadece belli bir kaynaktan yapılan medya dosyalarının yerini herkesin dahil olduğu ve isteyen herkesin elindeki albümleri ve filmleri paylaştığı bir ortam kuran bu programlar çok zengin seçenekler sunmakta. En başta çeşitlilik çok fazla. Aradığınız dosya ile ilgili yazdığını bir kelime sayesinde ağa dahil olan kim var kim yoksa herkeste yapılan bu arama sayesinde bulma sansınız kat kat artmakta. Bunun yanında belli serverların karşılaşacağı band genişliği ve yoğunluk gibi sorunlar yaşanmıyor. Çünkü kullanıcı dosyayı indirdiği kişinin bağlantısını ve öz kaynaklarını kullandığı için serverlar sadece yönlendirme amaçlı çalışıyor. Hatta aynı dosya birden fazla kullanıcıdan aynı anda belli kısımları çekilmesi yöntemiyle indirme süresi çok daha kısaltılabiliyor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;• Britannica Online ve Wikipedia karşılaştırması. Daha öncede bahsedildiği gibi aralarındaki en büyük fark Wikipedia’da Britannica Online’nın tersine tamamen kullanıcı denetiminde olmasıydı.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;• Kişisel siteler ve bloglar. WEB 2.0’dan bahsederken kullanıcının kendi görüşlerini ve fikirlerini sunmasına olanak veriyor demiştik. Peki kişisel siteler daha önceden yokmuydu. Vardı tabiî ki ama bloglar bu konuda bir çığır açmıştır. Blogların ortaya çıkmasıyla beraber 7 den 70 e herkesin çok kısa bir sürede edindiği bir blog sayfası sayesinde webde yazmaya başladığını görüyoruz. Bloglar artık sadece kişisel siteler olmaktansa belli konulara veya şirketlere ait siteler olaraktan karşımıza çıkmaya başladı.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;• Değişen web ile beraber akildakalici.com site isimleri yerini, akılda kalmak yerine arama motorunda üste çıkan kazandığı döneme bıraktı. Artık önceden olduğu gibi çok iyi düşünülmüş akılda kalıcı bir site ismi düşünmeyi bırakıp bir şekilde aldığınız alan adının içeriğinin daha iyi tanıtılmasını sağlayan arama motorlarına göre optimize etmeniz gerekiyor.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-4679042133431936900?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/4679042133431936900/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=4679042133431936900' title='46 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/4679042133431936900'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/4679042133431936900'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/web-20.html' title='Web 2.0'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>46</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-7153412310901315073</id><published>2008-01-05T06:53:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-05T06:53:22.306-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Adab-ı Muaşeret (Ahlak Kuralları)</title><content type='html'>ADAB&lt;br /&gt;    Ahlak,terbiye ve nezaket kuralları. Birini ziyafete davet etmek manasını ifade eden edeb, İslam'ın güzel saydığı söz ve davranışlardır. Bu itibarla edep, insanların kendisine davet olunan bilimum hayır, zarâfet, usluluk ve güzel ahlak demektir. Edeb, insanı ayıplanma ve kötülenme sebeplerinden koruyan nefsin köklü bir kuvvetidir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Ayet ve Hadisler Işığında Adab-ı Muaşeretten Örnekler&lt;br /&gt;*** Herkese karşı tatlı dilli, güler yüzlü açık kalbli olmak. Allah iyi huylu güler yüzlü kimseyi sever.&lt;br /&gt;*** Herkes ile güzel görüşmek, halka eziyet vermekten sakınmak. "Müslüman diğer müslümanların elinden ve dilinden emin olduğu kişidir."&lt;br /&gt;*** Kötülüğe karşı iyilikte bulunmak ve halkın eziyetlerine karşı sabırlı olmak. Allah katında sıddîkların mertebelerine erişmek için zulmedeni affetmek, irtibatı kesenle irtibat kurmak esirgeyene esirgemeden vermek gerekir.&lt;br /&gt;*** Küskünlüğe, dargınlığa, düşmanlığa son vermek. Müslümanın müslümanla üç günden fazla dargın durrnası helal değildir.&lt;br /&gt;*** Dargın iki müslümanın arasını bulmaya çalışmak. Yalan söylemenin caiz olduğu yerlerden biri, dargınların barışmalarını sağlamak için söylenen yalandır. Bu da sadaka vermek kadar hayırlı bir iştir.&lt;br /&gt;*** İnsanların kusurlarını araştırmamak, bilakis bu kusurları örtmeye çalışmak. Başkasının kusurunu arayan, önce kendi kusurunu görmelidir. Başkasının kusurunu örten bir müslümanın kusurunu da Allah örter ve onu affeder.&lt;br /&gt;*** Dostlar birbirlerini arkalarından müdafaa etmelidir, haklarındaki yanlış fikirleri düzeltmelidirler. Kardeşine yardımda bulunana Allah da yardım eder.&lt;br /&gt;*** İnsanlara karşı kötü zan ve töhmette bulunmamak, nefret uyandırmamak, dedikodu yapmamak. Bu sözlerin konuşulduğu yerleri terketmek.&lt;br /&gt;*** Her insanla, kapasite ve mevkilerine göre konuşmak. Cahille ilmî konuşma yapılamayacağı gibi, alimle de cahille konuşulduğu gibi konuşulmaz. İnsanlara akıllarına göre hitap edilmelidir.&lt;br /&gt;*** Büyüklere hürmet ve saygı; küçüklere, düşkünlere şefkat ve merhamet, özellikle aile arasındaki fertlere iyi muamele etmek İslam'ın esaslarındandır. Allah ana babaya saygısızlık bir tarafa "öf" demeyi dahi yasaklamıştır. Başkasına merhamet etmeyene merhamet olunmaz.&lt;br /&gt;*** Herkes hakkında hayır dilemek ve, yardımda bulunmak müslüman kardeşliğinin bir özelliğidir. Ancak bu yardımlaşma kötülükte değil, iyilikte olmalıdır. Mümin kendisi için arzu ettiği güzel şeyleri Müslüman kardeşi için de arzu etmelidir. Kendini kötülüklerden koruduğu gibi etrafındakileri de korumaya çalışmalıdır.&lt;br /&gt;*** Selam, müslümanlar arasında sevgi bağlarının kurulmasında önemli bir araçtır. Selam vermek sünnet, almak ise farzdır. Peygamberimiz (s.a.s.) selamı yaymamızı, tanısak da tanımasak da her müslümana selam vermemiz gerektiğini bununla da imanımız olgunluğa erdiği için Cennet'e gireceğimizi müjdelemiştir. Bu nedenle gençler ihtiyarlara, binek üzerinde olanlar yürüyenlere, yürüyenler oturanlara, arkadan gelenler önden gidenlere, bir kişi çok kişiye selam vermelidir. Selama daha güzel bir şekil de karşılık vermek gerekir. "es-Selamu aleykum" diyene "ve aleykumu'sselam ve rahmetullahi ve berekatuhu" denmelidir. Verilen selamı alma durumunda olmayana selam vermek mekruhtur. Yemek yiyene, namaz kılana, Kur'an okuyana, hutbe dinleyene selam verilmemelidir. Kafirlere selam verilmez. Açıktan açığa Allah'ın emrini çiğneyen ve bu halinde ısrarlı olana da selam verilmez. Topluma verilen selama bir kişi karşılık verirse, diğerlerinin selam alma sorumluluğu kalkar. Selam getiren birinden selamı almak, mektupta yazılı selama ya mektupla ya da o anda sözle karşılık vermek gerekir. Eve girerken ev halkına selam verildiği gibi ayrılırken de selam vererek ayrılmak faziletli bir iştir. Boş bir yere girilirken de "es selamu aleyna ve ala ibadillahi's-Salihîn" diyerek selam verilir. Selam, müminin mümine yaptığı hayırlı bir duadır. "Allah'ın selamı, rahmeti ve bereketi üzerine olsun." Manasına gelen selamlaşmanın yerini basit kelimeler tutmaz.&lt;br /&gt;*** Karşılaşan iki müslüman birbirlerinin ellerini tutarak müsafaha eder. Peygamber'e (s.a.s.) salavat okur, hal hatır sorarlar. Bu durumda olan kişiler henüz birbirlerinden ayrılmadan Allah onlara mağfiret eder.&lt;br /&gt;*** Aksırana karşı hayır dua etmek. Aksıran kişi "elhamdülillah"der, yanındaki müslüman "yerhamükellah" yani "Allah sana merhamet etsin " diye dua eder, aksıran kişi de "yehdîna ve yehdîkumullah " yani Allah bizi de sizleri de hidayete daim kılsın" diye karşı duada bulunur. Buna "teşmît" denir.&lt;br /&gt;*** Müslüman gittiği meclise temiz elbiseyle gitmelidir. Yaşlı ve bilgili kimselerden üstte oturmamalı, kendine söz düşmedikçe konuşmamalı, söylenilen faydalı şeyleri dinlemelidir. Sonradan gelenlere yer vermeli, birbirlerine karşı güler yüzlü, tatlı sözlü olmalıdır. Meclisten ayrılırken arkadaşlarından izin alarak ve selam vererek ayrılmalıdır. Bu kural cemiyet ve cemaat muaşeretindendir.&lt;br /&gt;*** Müslümanlar uygun zamanlarda mümin kardeşlerini, büyüklerini ve yakın akrabalarım ziyaret etmeli, onların gönüllerini hoş etmeye çalışmalıdır. Ancak ziyaretin, çok uzun ve usandırıcı olmamasına özen göstermelidir. Ziyarete gelenlere imkan nisbetinde ikram etmelidir. Allah'a ve ahirete inanan, misafirine izzet ve ikramda bulunmalıdır.&lt;br /&gt;*** Müslüman, din kardeşinin davetine icabet eder, ziyaretinde bulunur. Böylece aralarında muhabbet artmış olur. Peygamber (s.a.s.), "Sizden birinizi kardeşi düğün yemeğine veya benzer bir ziyafete davet edince icabet etsin." buyurmuştur. Ancak bu tür yerlerde Allah'ın yasakladığı içki ve benzeri şeyler bulunuyorsa oraya gitmemelidir. Kötülükleri engelleyeceğine kanaat getirirse, gidebilir. Merasimler külfetten ve gösterişten uzak olmalıdır.&lt;br /&gt;*** Müslümanlar, din kardeşleri yanlarına geldiklerinde, hürmet olsun diye ayağa kalkabilirler.Alim zatların ellerini öpmek caizdir. Ancak dünyalık bir menfaat elde etmek için el öpmek, boyun bükmek, hele hele dalkavukluk yapmak asla doğru değildir. Büyüklerin huzurunda yerlere kadar eğilmek ve yeri öpmek haramdır.&lt;br /&gt;*** Müslümanlıkta komşuluğun büyük ehemmiyeti vardır. Komşu haklarına son derece riayet etmeli, onlara zarar verecek her türlü hareketlerden kaçınmalıdır. Kötülüklerinden, komşusu emin olmayan kimse gerçek mümin olamaz.&lt;br /&gt;*** Hastaları ziyarette bulunmak, onların afiyetlerine dua etmek dinî bir görevdir. Hz. Peygamber (s.a.s.) bir hadisinde: "Beş şey vardır ki, kardeşine karşı müslümana vazife olur. Bunlar da, verilen selamı iade, aksırana hayır dua, davete icabet, hastayı ziyaret ve cenazeleri mezara kadar takip etmektir." buyurmuştur. Müslümanlar, vefat eden din kardeşlerinin cenazelerini kabirlerine kadar üzüntülü ve düşünceli götürür kabre defnederler, haklarında rahmetle duada bulunurlar. İmkan buldukça müslümanın cenaze namazını da kılmalıdır. Kabirlerini ziyaret ederek haklarında hayır duada bulunmak bir vefa borcudur. Ancak kabir ziyaretleri İslamî ölçüler içerisinde olmalı, aşırı ta'zim hareketlerinden sakınmalıdır. Kabir ziyareti insana ölümü ve geleceğini hatırlatır, uyanmaya vesile olur.&lt;br /&gt;*** Evlere ve odalara girerken usule riayet etmek gerekir. Cahiliye devrinde evlere hücum edilircesine girilirdi. Ziyaretçi eve girer ve girdikten sonra da 'girdim' diye seslenirdi. Çok defa, ev sahibinin ailesiyle onları başkasının görmesi doğru olmayan halde, kadın veya erkeğin avret yerlerinin açık olduğu olurdu. Bu hal, üzüntü verip gönülleri yaraladığı gibi evleri emniyet ve huzurdan yoksun bırakırdı. Ayrıca gözler tahrik edici yerlere takıldığı zaman nefisleri bu şekilde fitneye sürüklerdi. İşte bu sebepten dolayı Allah müslümanları yüksek bir adab-ı muaşeretle terbiye etmiştir. Evlere girmeden izin isteme adabı ve ev halkına güven verip onlardan kuşkuyu gidermek için girmezden evvel selam verme adabını getirmiştir.&lt;br /&gt;"Ey inananlar, kendi evlerinizden başka evlere, izin alıp halkına selam vermeden girmeyiniz. Herhalde bunun, sizin için daha iyi olduğunu düşünüp anlarsınız." "Eğer orda kimseyi bulamazsanız size izin verilinceye kadar içeri girmeyin. Bu sizin için daha iyidir..." (en-Nur, 24/27-28). Aynı şekilde erginlik çağına erişmemiş çocuklarla hizmetçilerin başkalarının odalarına girerken izin almaları yolunda eğitilmeleriyle bunların girmesinin ancak hangi vakitlerde olabileceği de belirtilmiştir:&lt;br /&gt;"...Sizden henüz erginlik çağma erişmemiş çocuklar üç vakitte sizden izin istesinler. Sabah namazından önce, öğlenden sonra elbisenizi çıkarıp yatacağınız vakit ve yatsı namazından sonra. Bunlar, sizin üstünüzün açılabileceği üç vakittir. Bunun dışında ne size ne de onlara bir günah yoktur, " (en-Nur, 24/58).&lt;br /&gt;İşte böylece İslam, gerek başkaları için gerek ev halkı için çiğnenmesi asla doğru olmayan özel bir dokunulmazlık koymuştur. İslam'da devletin temeli aile olduğundan, insanlar evlerinde yabancı kimselerin anî baskınlarına maruz bırakılmaz. Ancak ev sahiplerinden izin isteyip, onların müsaadesi alındıktan sonra girilebilir.&lt;br /&gt;*** Müslümanın davranışları yumuşak ve yavaş olmalıdır. Bu muaşeret kuralı için Kur'an-ı Kerim'de tavsiye ve emir buyrulan açık ve anlaşılır şu ayet ne güzeldir: "İnsanları küçümseyip yüz çevirme ve yeryüzünde böbürlenerek yürüme. Zira Allah, kendini beğenip övünen kimseyi sevmez. Yürüyüşünde mutedil ol, sesini de kıs. Çünkü seslerin en çirkini eşeklerin sesidir. (Lokman, 31/18-19).&lt;br /&gt;*** Müslüman doğru sözlü olmalıdır. Kur'an-ı Kerim, Müminlerin doğru ve dikkatli konuşmasını, söyleyecekleri sözü ölçülü ve bu sözün nereye varacağını düşünerek söylemelerini emretmekte ve onları salih amele yol açan güzel söz söylemeye yönlendirmektedir. Çünkü Allah, doğruların, doğru sözlülerin yardımcısıdır. Doğru sözlülerin hareketlerini hatadan korumayı, işlerini düzeltip yoluna koymayı kendilerine bir mükafat olarak vadetmiştir. Bu güzel davranışı yerine getiren müminin hatalarını Allah'u Teala'nın bağışlaması ne engin bir rahmettir. İnsanoğlunu da ancak Allah'ın bu bağış ve rahmeti kurtarabilir: "Ey inananlar, Allah'tan korkun ve doğru söz söyleyin ki Allah işlerinizi düzeltsin ve günahlarınızı bağışlasın. Kim Allah'a ve Rasülüne itaat ederse büyük bir başarıya erişmiş olur. " (el-Ahzab, 33/71)&lt;br /&gt;*** Müslüman israf etmemelidir. İsraf, herhangi bir şeyi gereğinden fazla kullanmak demektir. "...Yeyin, için fakat israf etmeyin, Allah israf edenleri sevmez." (el-A'raf, 7/31) buyurulmaktadır. Yine "...Allah, israfçı ve yalancı kişiyi hidayete erdirmez. " (el-Mü'min, 40/28) düsturu yer almaktadır. En'am Süresi 141. ayeti de yine bu hükmü beyan etmek-tedir: "..israf etmeyin, çünkü Allah israf edenleri sevmez."&lt;br /&gt;    İnsan iyilik yaparken de israf yapmamalıdır, "..onlar infak ettikleri zaman bile israf etmezler." (el-Furkan, 25/67)&lt;br /&gt;Ayrıca kusurları bağışlamak her işi güzel bir niyetle ve saf bir kalb ile yapmak, işlerinde doğruluktan ayrılmayıp dirayet ve akıl dairesi içinde yürütmek, büyüklerin dine uygun emirlerine itaat etmek, halkın itimadını ve güvenini kazanmak, her işte aşırı gitmemek, münasip kişilerle güzel bir surette görüşüp konuşmak, kendisine emanet edilen sırlara ve eşyaya hainlik etmemek, zulümden uzaklaşarak insafla hareket etmek, insanlara karşı mütevazî olmak, sözünde durarak ahdine vefa göstermek, ihtiyaç sahiplerine karşı cömertçe davranmak, insanlar hakkında daima iyi zan beslemek, lüzumsuz ve kalb kırıcı sözlerden sakınmak, her yaptığı işi hakkaniyet ölçüleri içinde yapmak, kızgınlık ve şiddetten sakınarak yumuşak huylu olmak, namusu, haysiyeti ve mukaddes değerleri korumak, daima hayır ve iyilik yolunu tutmak, dostluğa önem vermek, hakkına razı olmak, vaktini boşa geçirmeden çalışmak, korkaklığı terkederek yiğit ve cesur olmak, yapılan iyiliklere karşı teşekkür etmek, şehevî duygularına hakim olmak her türlü bela ve musîbetlere sabretmek, bir işte azim ve sebat sahibi olmak, günahlardan kaçınmak, herkesin mertebesini bilip hakkında ona göre muamele etmek, kanaat sahibi olmak, şaka ve nüktelerinde bile ahlak dışı olmamak, başkalarını kötülemekten kaçınmak, kendini yüksek görmemek, içi başka dışı başka olmamak, insanlığa ve inançlarına uygun olan her şeyi yapmak, bu işi yapmadan evvel o işin ehli ile istişare'de bulunmak, yaptığı iyilikleri başa kakmamak, ağır başlı ve vakur olmak, koğuculuk yapmamak gibi güzel meziyetler insanlar arasında saygınlık ve muhabbet doğurur. Bunlara riayet etmek İslam'ın ortaya koyduğu muaşeret adabındandır.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-7153412310901315073?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/7153412310901315073/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=7153412310901315073' title='3 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/7153412310901315073'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/7153412310901315073'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/adab-muaeret-ahlak-kurallar.html' title='Adab-ı Muaşeret (Ahlak Kuralları)'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-3608605830708896333</id><published>2008-01-05T06:52:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-05T06:52:59.674-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Müslüman Çocuğuna Bazı Dini Sualler</title><content type='html'>MÜSLÜMAN ÇOCUĞUNA BAZI DİNİ SUALLER&lt;br /&gt;S-1) Allah kaçtır?&lt;br /&gt;C-1) Allah birdir.&lt;br /&gt;S-2) Bir olduğuna delilin nedir?&lt;br /&gt;C-2) İhlas suresinin ilk ayet-i kerimesidir.&lt;br /&gt;S-3) Bunun manası nedir?&lt;br /&gt;C-3) "De ki: O Allah'tır, bir tektir.&lt;br /&gt;S-4) Allah'ın varlığına akli delilin nedir?&lt;br /&gt;C-4) Bu alemin varlığı ve alemdeki nizam ve iltizamın devamıdır.&lt;br /&gt;S-5) Sen Müslümanmısın?&lt;br /&gt;C-5) Elhamdülillah Müslümanım.&lt;br /&gt;S-6) Müslüman demenin manası nedir?&lt;br /&gt;C-6) Allah'ı bir bilmek. Kur'an-ı Kerim'i ve Hz. Muhammed Efendimizi (sav) tasdik etmektir.&lt;br /&gt;S-7) Ne zamandan beri Müslümansın?&lt;br /&gt;C-7) "Galû Bela" zamanından beri Müslümanım.&lt;br /&gt;S-8) "Galû Bela" zamanı neye derler?&lt;br /&gt;C-8) Cenab-ı Hak ruhlarımızı yarattığı zaman bunlara hitaben "Elestü birabbiküm" yani (Ben sizin Rabbiniz Değilmiyim) diye sordu. Onlarda "Belâ" (Evet Rabbimizsin) dediler. O zamandan beri Müslümanım, demektir.&lt;br /&gt;S-9) Rabbin kimdir?&lt;br /&gt;C-9) Rabbim Allah'tır.&lt;br /&gt;S-10) Seni kim yarattı?&lt;br /&gt;C-10) ALLAH (cc) yarattı.&lt;br /&gt;S-11) Sen kimin kulusun?&lt;br /&gt;C-11) Allah'ın kuluyum.&lt;br /&gt;S-12) Hangi dindensin?&lt;br /&gt;C-12) İslâm dinindenim.&lt;br /&gt;S-13) Kitabımızın adı nedir?&lt;br /&gt;C-13) Kur'an-ı Kerim'dir.&lt;br /&gt;S-14) Kıblen neresidir?&lt;br /&gt;C-14) Kâbe-i Muazzama'dır.&lt;br /&gt;S-15) Kimin zürriyetindensin?&lt;br /&gt;C-15) Hz. Adem Aleyhisselam'ın zürriyetindenim.&lt;br /&gt;S-16) Kimin milletindensin?&lt;br /&gt;C-16) Hz. İbrahim Aleyhisselam'ın milletindenim.&lt;br /&gt;S-17) Kimin ümmetindensin?&lt;br /&gt;C-17) Hz.Muhammed (Sallallahu aleyhi ve Sellem)'in ümmetindenim.&lt;br /&gt;S-18) Peygamberimiz kaç yılında nerede doğmuştur?&lt;br /&gt;C-18) Rebiülevvel ayının onikisi pazartesi günü 571 tarihinde, Mekke'de doğmuştur.&lt;br /&gt;S-19) Peygamberimizin kaç adı vardır?&lt;br /&gt;C-19) Güzel isimleri çoktur. Fakat dördünü bilmek lazımdır ve şunlardır: Muhammed, Mustafa, Ahmed, Mahmud (a.s.)&lt;br /&gt;S-20) Peygamberimizin en çok kullanılan ismi nedir?&lt;br /&gt;C-20) Hazreti Muhammed Mustafa (s.a.v.)&lt;br /&gt;S-21) Peygamberimizin babasının adı nedir?&lt;br /&gt;C-21) Abdullah'tır.&lt;br /&gt;S-22) Annesinin adı nedir?&lt;br /&gt;C-22) Amine'dir.&lt;br /&gt;S-23) Süt annesinin adı nedir? &lt;br /&gt;C-23) Halîme Hâtun'dur.&lt;br /&gt;S-24) Peygamberimizin ilk eşinin adı nedir?&lt;br /&gt;C-24) Hz. Hatice'dir.&lt;br /&gt;S-25) Peygamberimizn Hz. Hatice'de kaç çocuğu olmuştur ve isimleri nedir?&lt;br /&gt;C-25) (Erkekler) Abdullah - Kâsım (Kızlar) Zeynep - Rukiye - Ümmü Gülsüm - Fatma'dır.&lt;br /&gt;S-26) Peygamberimiz kaç yılında ve kaç yaşında Peygamber olmuştur?&lt;br /&gt;C-26) 610 yılında peygamber olmuştur. Peygamberimiz 40 yaşında iken peygamber olmuştur.&lt;br /&gt;S-27) Peygamberimiz Mekke'den Medine'ye kaç tarihinde hicret etmiştir?&lt;br /&gt;C-27) 622 tarihinde hicret etmiştir. Hicret biz Müslümanlarca tarih başlangıcıdır.&lt;br /&gt;S-28) Peygamber Efendimiz (s.a.v.) kaç tarihinde vefat etmiştir?&lt;br /&gt;C-28) Rebiülevvel ayının onikisinde 632 tarihinde vefat etti.&lt;br /&gt;S-29) İlk insan ve ilk peygamber kimdir?&lt;br /&gt;C-29) İlk insan ve ilk peygamber Hz. Adem (a.s.)'dır.&lt;br /&gt;S-30) Allah tarafından mahlûkata gönderilen Peygamberlerin sayısı kaçtır?&lt;br /&gt;C-30) Peygamberimizden yapılan bir rivayete göre yüz yirmi dört bin, diğer bir rivayete göre, iki yüz yirmi dört bindir.&lt;br /&gt;S-31) Kur'an-ı Kerim'de ismi geçen Peygamberlerin sayısı kaçtır. İsimlerini söylermisiniz?&lt;br /&gt;C-31) 25'tir. Sayarım: Adem, İdris, Nuh, Hûd, Salih, İshak, İbrahim, İsmail, Şua'yb, Lût, Yakûp, Yusuf, Musa, Harun, Davûd, Süleyman, Eyyüb, Zul'kifl, İlyas, Elyasa, Zekeriyya, Yunus, Yahya, İsa ve Muhammed Aleyhisselam'dır. Uzeyir, Lokman ve Zül'karneyn'in  isimleri de Kur'an'ı Kerîm'de geçmektedir. Bu kimselerin peygamber mi, yoksa Veli mi olduğunda ihtilaf vardır. Bunlar da peygamber kabul edilirse Kur'an'ı Kerîm'de ismi geçen peygamberler 28 olur.&lt;br /&gt;S-32) Dört büyük kitap hangileridir ve hangi Peygamberlere inmiştir?&lt;br /&gt;C-32) -Tevrat; Musa Aleyhisselam'a, - Zebur; Davud Aleyhisselam'a, -İncil; İsa Aleyhisselam'a, -Kur'an-ı Kerim; Peygamberimiz Muhammed Mustafa (s.a.v.) inmiştir.&lt;br /&gt;S-33) Suhuf ne demektir? Kaç tanedir ve hangi peygamberlere verilmiştir?&lt;br /&gt;C-33) Cenab-ı Hakk'ın, dört kitabtan başka Cebrail (a.s) vasıtasıyla bazı peygamberlere yolladığı emirlere suhuf denir ki, yüz tanedir. &lt;br /&gt;Adem (a.s.) 10, Şit (a.s.) 50, İdris (a.s.) 30, İbrahim (a.s.) 10 suhuf verilmiştir.&lt;br /&gt;S-34) İlk inen sûre hangisidir?&lt;br /&gt;C-34) Alak sûresi ilk 5 ayetidir.&lt;br /&gt;S-35) İlk Müslümanlar kimlerdir?&lt;br /&gt;C-35) Hz. Hatice, Hz. Ali, Hz. Zeyd Bin Hârise, Hz. Ebu Bekir&lt;br /&gt;S-36) Mezhep kaçtır ve nelerdir?&lt;br /&gt;C-36) İkidir; itikadde mezhep, amelde mezhep.&lt;br /&gt;S-37) İtikadde mezhep imamları kimlerdir?&lt;br /&gt;C-37) İmam Ebû Muhammed Mâturidî ve İmam Ebû'l-Hasenîl-Eş'âri Hazretleridir.&lt;br /&gt;S-38) Amelde mezhep kaçtır ve nelerdir?&lt;br /&gt;C-38) Dörttür; Hanefi, Şafii, Maliki, Hanbeli mezhepleridir.&lt;br /&gt;S-39) İtitadde mezhebin nedir?&lt;br /&gt;C-39) Ehl-i Sünnet vel Cemaat mezhebidir.&lt;br /&gt;S-40) Amelde mezhebin nedir?&lt;br /&gt;C-40) Hanefî mezhebidir.&lt;br /&gt;S-41) Bizim itikatta mezhebimizin imamı kimdir?&lt;br /&gt;C-41) İmam Ebû Mensur Muhammed Mâturidî Hazretleridir.&lt;br /&gt;S-42) Bizim amelde mezhebimizin imamı kimdir?&lt;br /&gt;C-42) Bizim mezhebimizin kurucusu İmam-ı Azam Ebu Hanife'dir.&lt;br /&gt;S-43) İbadetle taatle ihya etmeye bilhassa kıymet verdiğimiz gecelere ne denir?&lt;br /&gt;C-43) Kandil denir.&lt;br /&gt;S-44) Kaç tane kandil vardır?&lt;br /&gt;C-44) Beş tane kandil vardır: 1- Kadir Gecesi, 2- Mevlid Kandili, 3- Regaib Kandili, 4- Mi'raç Kandili, 5- Beraet Kandili&lt;br /&gt;S-45) Otuz iki farzı sayar mısınız?&lt;br /&gt;C-45) Sayarım: 6 İmanın şartı, 5 İslam'ın şartı, 12 Namazın farzı, 4 Abdestin farzı, 3 Guslün farzı, 2 Teyemmümün farzı, cem'an 32 eder.&lt;br /&gt;S-46) İmanın şartı nelerdir?&lt;br /&gt;C-46) Allah'ın varlığına, birliğine, Meleklerine, Peygamberlerine, Ahiret Gününe, Kadere, hayır ve şerrin yaratıcısının Allah olduğuna inanmaktır.&lt;br /&gt;S-47) İslamın şartı nelerdir?&lt;br /&gt;C-47) Beştir: 1- Kelime-i Şehadet getirmek, 2- Oruç tutmak, 3- Namaz kılmak, 4- Zekat vermek, 5- Hacca gitmek.&lt;br /&gt;S-48) Abdestin farzı kaçtır?&lt;br /&gt;C-48) Dörttür: 1-  Yüzünü tüy bitiminden kulak yumuşağından, çene altına kadar yıkamak, 2- Kolları dirseklerle beraber yıkamak, 3- Başın dörtte birini mesh etmek, 4- Ayakları topuklarıyla beraber yıkamak.&lt;br /&gt;S-49) Guslün farzı kaçtır?&lt;br /&gt;C-49) Üçtür: 1- Bol su ile ağzı yıkamak, 2- Bol su ile burnu yıkamak, 3- Hiç kuru yer kalmamak şartı ile bütün vücudu yıkamak.&lt;br /&gt;S-50) Teyemmümün farzı kaçtır?&lt;br /&gt;C-50) İkidir: 1- Niyet. Teyemmüme niyet etmek, 2- Ellerini iki defa toprağa vurup birincide yüzünü, ikincide kollarını mesh etmek, silmek.&lt;br /&gt;S-51) Namazın farzı kaçtır?&lt;br /&gt;C-51) Altısı içinde, altısı dışında olmak üzere 12'dir.&lt;br /&gt;S-52) Dışındakiler nelerdir?&lt;br /&gt;C-52) Hadesten taharet, Necasetten taharet, Setr-i avret, İstikbali kıble, Vakit, Niyet.&lt;br /&gt;S-53) İçindekiler nelerdir?&lt;br /&gt;C-53) İftitah tekbiri, Kıyam, Kıraât, Rukû, Sücûd, Kâde-i ahirede teşehhüd miktarı oturmak.&lt;br /&gt;S-54) Bir günde kaç vakit namaz kılınır?&lt;br /&gt;C-54) Sabah, öğle, ikindi, akşam, yatsı olmak üzere beş vakit namaz kılınır.&lt;br /&gt;S-55) Bu vakitler kaç rek'attır?&lt;br /&gt;C-55)- Sabaha namazı 4 rekattır; ikisi sünnet, ikisi farz. Önce sünnet kılınır, sonra farz kılınır.&lt;br /&gt;        - Öğle namazı 10 rekattır; dördü sünnet, dördü farz, ikisi son sünnet. Önce ilk sünnet kılınır, sonra farz, daha sonra son sünnet kılınır.&lt;br /&gt;        - İkindi namazı 8 rekattır; dördü sünnet, dördü farz. Önce sünnet kılınır, sonra farz kılınır.&lt;br /&gt;        - Akşam namazı 5 rekattır; Üçü farz, ikisi sünnet. Önce farz, sonra sünnet kılınır.&lt;br /&gt;        - Yatsı namazı 13 rekattır; dördü ilk sünnet, dördü farz, ikisi son sünnet, üçü vitir vaciptir. Önce ilk sünnet, sonra farz, sonra son sünnet, en sonra da vitir vacip kılınır. Cem'an günde 40 rek'at namaz kılınır.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-3608605830708896333?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/3608605830708896333/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=3608605830708896333' title='1 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/3608605830708896333'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/3608605830708896333'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/mslman-ocuuna-baz-dini-sualler.html' title='Müslüman Çocuğuna Bazı Dini Sualler'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-2027711634276504835</id><published>2008-01-05T06:52:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-05T06:52:39.836-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Elli Dört 54 Farz</title><content type='html'>ELLİDÖRT FARZ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1- Allah'ı daima zikretmek.&lt;br /&gt;2- Helal kazanılmış elbise giymek&lt;br /&gt;3- Abdest almak.&lt;br /&gt;4- Beş vakit namaz kılmak.&lt;br /&gt;5- Cünüplükten gusletmek.&lt;br /&gt;6- Rızk için Allah'a tevekkül (itimad) etmek.&lt;br /&gt;7- Helalden yeyip içmek.&lt;br /&gt;8- Allah'ın taksimine kanaat etmek.&lt;br /&gt;9- Tevekkül etmek.&lt;br /&gt;10- Kazaya (yani Allah'ın hükmüne) razı olmak.&lt;br /&gt;11- Nimete karşılık şükretmek.&lt;br /&gt;12- Belaya sabretmek.&lt;br /&gt;13- Günahlara tevbe etmek.&lt;br /&gt;14- İbadetleri ihlas ile yapmak.&lt;br /&gt;15- Şeytanı düşman bilmek.&lt;br /&gt;16- Kur'an-ı delil tanımak.&lt;br /&gt;17- Ölüme hazırlıklı olmak.&lt;br /&gt;18- İyiliği emredip kötülükten alıkoymak.&lt;br /&gt;19- Gıybet etmemek, kötü şeyleri dinlememek.&lt;br /&gt;20- Anaya-babaya iyilik ve itaat etmek.&lt;br /&gt;21- Akrabayı ziyaret etmek.&lt;br /&gt;22- Emanete hıyaret etmemek.&lt;br /&gt;23- Dinin kabul etmiyeceği latifeyi (şakayı) terk etmek.&lt;br /&gt;24- Allah ve Rasulüne itaat etmek.&lt;br /&gt;25- Günahtan kaçınıp Allah'a sığınmak.&lt;br /&gt;26- Allah için sevmek, Allah için buğz etmek.&lt;br /&gt;27- Her şeye ibretle bakmak.&lt;br /&gt;28- Tefekkür etmek. (Cenab-ı Hakk'ın kudretini, azametini ve insanın yaratılışdaki gayeyi düşünmek)&lt;br /&gt;29- İlim öğrenmeye çalışmak&lt;br /&gt;30- Kötü zandan sakınmak&lt;br /&gt;31- İstihza (alay) etmemek&lt;br /&gt;32- Harama bakmamak&lt;br /&gt;33- Daima doğru olmak&lt;br /&gt;34- Esef ve ferahı, yani şımarıklık ve azgınlığı terketmek&lt;br /&gt;35- Sihir yapmamak&lt;br /&gt;36- Ölçü ve terazisini doğru tartmak&lt;br /&gt;37- Allah'ın azabından korkmak&lt;br /&gt;38- Bir günlük nafakası (yiyeceği-içeceği) olmayana sadaka vermek&lt;br /&gt;39- Allah'ın rahmetinden ümid kesmemek&lt;br /&gt;40- Nefsinin kötü arzularına tabi olmamak&lt;br /&gt;41- İçki kullanmamak&lt;br /&gt;42- Allah'a ve mü'minlere su-i zan etmekten sakınmak&lt;br /&gt;43- Zekat vermek ve mali cihatta bulunmak&lt;br /&gt;44- Hayız (adet) zamanlarında ve nifas halinde hanımı ile cinsi mukarenette bulunmamak&lt;br /&gt;45- Bütün günahlardan; kötülüklerden kalbini temiz tutmak&lt;br /&gt;46- Yetimin malını haksız olarak yememek, onlara iyilik etmek&lt;br /&gt;47- Kibirlilik etmemek&lt;br /&gt;48- Livata (erkekle cinsi münasebet) ve zina yapmamak&lt;br /&gt;49- Beş vakit namazı muhafaza etmek&lt;br /&gt;50- Zulm ile halkın malını yememek&lt;br /&gt;51- Allah'a şirk (ortak) koşmamak&lt;br /&gt;52- Riyadan (gösterişten) sakınmak&lt;br /&gt;53- Yalan yere yemin etmemek&lt;br /&gt;54- Verdiği sadakayı başa kakmamak&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-2027711634276504835?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/2027711634276504835/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=2027711634276504835' title='1 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/2027711634276504835'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/2027711634276504835'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/elli-drt-54-farz.html' title='Elli Dört 54 Farz'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-6076913162795463168</id><published>2008-01-05T06:51:00.004-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-05T06:52:15.420-08:00</updated><title type='text'>32 Otuz İki Farz</title><content type='html'>OTUZİKİ FARZ 32&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    İMANIN ŞARTLARI&lt;br /&gt;1- Allah'ın varlığına ve birliğine inanmak.&lt;br /&gt;2- Allah'ın meleklerine inanmak.&lt;br /&gt;3- Allah'ın kitablarına inanmak.&lt;br /&gt;4- Allah'ın peygamberlerine inanmak.&lt;br /&gt;5- Ahiret gününe inanmak.&lt;br /&gt;6- Kadere, hayır ve şerrin yaratıcısının Allah (Celle Celâlühû) olduğuna inanmak.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    İSLAMIN ŞARTLARI&lt;br /&gt;1- Kelime-i şehadet getirmek.&lt;br /&gt;2- Namaz kılmak.&lt;br /&gt;3- Oruç tutmak.&lt;br /&gt;4- Zekat vermek.&lt;br /&gt;5- Haccetmek.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    ABDESTİN FARZLARI&lt;br /&gt;1- Yüzünü yıkamak.&lt;br /&gt;2- Kollarını (dirsekleriyle beraber) yıkamak.&lt;br /&gt;3- Başının dörtte birini meshetmek.&lt;br /&gt;4- Ayaklarını (topuklarıyla beraber) yıkamak.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    GUSLÜN FARZLARI&lt;br /&gt;1- Ağzına su vermek.&lt;br /&gt;2- Burnuna su vermek.&lt;br /&gt;3- Bütün bedenini yıkamak.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    TEYEMMÜMÜN FARZLARI&lt;br /&gt;1- Niyet.&lt;br /&gt;2- İki darb ve mesih.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    NAMAZIN FARZLARI&lt;br /&gt;     Dışında olanlar:&lt;br /&gt;1- Hadesten taharet&lt;br /&gt;2- Necasetten taharet&lt;br /&gt;3- Setr-i avret&lt;br /&gt;4- İstikbal-i Kıble&lt;br /&gt;5- Vakit&lt;br /&gt;6- Niyet&lt;br /&gt;    İçinde olanlar:&lt;br /&gt;1- İftitah tekbiri&lt;br /&gt;2- Kıyam&lt;br /&gt;3- Kırâet&lt;br /&gt;4- Rükû&lt;br /&gt;5- Secde&lt;br /&gt;6- Ka'de-i ahire.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-6076913162795463168?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/6076913162795463168/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=6076913162795463168' title='3 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/6076913162795463168'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/6076913162795463168'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/32-otuz-iki-farz.html' title='32 Otuz İki Farz'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-509424085209887072</id><published>2008-01-05T06:51:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-05T06:51:39.651-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Kurban İle İlgili Bilgiler</title><content type='html'>KURBAN&lt;br /&gt;    Kurban, ibadet niyeti ile belirli zamanda, belirli nitelikleri taşıyan hayvanı, Allah'ın hoşnutluğunu kazanmak amacı ile kesmektir. Kurban kesmek, mali bir ibadettir. Allah'a bir şükran, bir teşekkür borcudur. Kurban kesen, Allah'a yaklaşmış, O'nun hoşnutluğunu kazanmış olur.&lt;br /&gt;    Kurban kesmek mal ile yapılan bir ibadettir ve vacibtir. Hicretin ikinci yılında emredilmiştir. &lt;br /&gt;    Zenginlerin, kestikleri kurban etlerinden fakirleri yararlandırması, müslümanlar arasında sevgi ve kardeşlik duygularını güçlendirir. Varlıklı insanlarla birlikte yoksullar da sevinir. Kurbanla gelen bu sevinç toplumun huzur ve mutluluğunu arttırır.&lt;br /&gt;   Sevgili peygamberimiz: «Kim (mal) genişliği bulur da kurban kesmezse bizim mescidimize yaklaşmasın.» (et-Terğib ve't-Terhib, c.II, s.155) buyurarak kurban kesmenin zenginler için önemli bir görev olduğunu belirtmiştir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Kimler Kurban Keser&lt;br /&gt;    Aşağıdaki şartları taşıyan kimselerin kurban kesmesi vaciptir:&lt;br /&gt;1) Müslüman olmak,&lt;br /&gt;2) Akıllı olmak,&lt;br /&gt;3) Erginlik çağına gelmiş olmak,&lt;br /&gt;4) Hür olmak,&lt;br /&gt;5) Mukim olmak (Yani misafir olmamak),&lt;br /&gt;6) Nisab miktarı mal veya paraya sahip olmak. (Kurban nisabında mal ve paranın üzerinden bir senenin geçmesi şart değildir.)&lt;br /&gt;Kurban kesiminin vakti, kurban bayramının birinci, ikinci ve üçüncü günüdür. Üçüncü günün akşamından sonra kurban kesilmez.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Hangi Hayvanlar Kurban Edilir&lt;br /&gt;    Hayvanlardan sadece koyun, keçi, sığır,manda ve deve kurban edilir. Bunlardan koyun ile keçi bir yaşını, sığır ve manda iki yaşını, deve beş yaşını bitirmiş olmalıdır. Ancak, koyun altı ayını tamamladığı halde bir yaşını doldurmuş gibi gösterişli olursa kurban edilebilir. Keçi için böyle bir durum yoktur, bir yaşını doldurması şarttır.&lt;br /&gt;   Koyun ve keçi bir kişi için kurban olur. Sığır, manda ve deve birden yedi kişiye kadar ortaklaşa kurban edilebilir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Evla olan kişinin kurbanını kendisi kesmesidir. Ancak, kendi beceremezse başkasını vekil eder ve niyet edip kesilirken kurbanına bakar, şahit olur.&lt;br /&gt;   Kurbanın eti üçe taksim edilir. Bir parçası kendi ailesine nafaka, ikinci parçası ahbab-ı yarana ziyafet, üçünçü parçası da fakirlere sadaka olarak verilir.&lt;br /&gt;    Kurban derisi satılamaz. Evde seccede yapılabilir, ya da fakirlere veya hayır kurumlarına bağışlanabilir.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-509424085209887072?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/509424085209887072/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=509424085209887072' title='2 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/509424085209887072'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/509424085209887072'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/kurban-ile-ilgili-bilgiler.html' title='Kurban İle İlgili Bilgiler'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-8094284138071591034</id><published>2008-01-05T06:51:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-05T06:51:23.402-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Hac İle İlgili Bilgiler</title><content type='html'>HAC&lt;br /&gt;    Hac ve Önemi&lt;br /&gt;    İslâm şartlarının beşincisi hac'dır. Hac,belli zamanda, belirli yerleri özel bir şekilde ziyaret etmektir.&lt;br /&gt;Hicretin dokuzuncu yılında farz olmuştur. Hac hem mal, hem de beden ile yapılan bir ibadettir. Belirli şartları taşıyan müslümanların ömründe bir defa hacca gitmesi farzdır. Allah'ın her emrinde olduğu gibi haccın farz kılınmasında da bir çok hikmetler ve faydalar vardır.&lt;br /&gt;    Çeşitli ülkelerden mukaddes topraklara gelen, dilleri ve renkleri ayrı olan müslümanların tek gaye etrafında bir araya gelmesi ve hep birlikte Allah'a yönelmesi İslâm kardeşliğini güçlendirir. Müslümanların birbiri ile tanışmalarını, birbirlerinin dert ve sıkıntılarına çare bulmalarını sağlar.&lt;br /&gt;    Zengin-fakir her seviyede müslümanın ihrama girerek aynı kıyafet içinde bulunması insanlara eşitlik fikrini aşılar, mahşer gününü hatırlatır.&lt;br /&gt;    Sevgili peygamberimizin doğup büyüdüğü, İslâm dini'nin cihana yayılmaya başladığı kutsal yerleri görmek ruhlara manevi bir heyecan verir, dini duyguları kuvvetlendirir. Kutsal yerlerde insan kendisini Allah'a daha yakın hisseder, yaptığı ibadetlere kat kat fazla sevab verilir. Allah rızası için hac vazifesini yapan ve insanlara kötülük etmekten sakınanların (kul hakları hariç) birçok günahı bağışlanır. Bu konuda peygamber Efendimiz şöyle buyurmuştur:&lt;br /&gt;«Kim Allah için hacceder de kötü söz ve davranışlardan sakınırsa, annesinin onu doğurduğu günkü gibi günahlarından arınmış olarak döner.» (Riyazü's-Salihin, c.II, s. 521)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Hac Kimlere ve Ne Zaman Farzdır&lt;br /&gt;   Aşağıdaki şartları taşıyanlara hacca gitmek farz olur:&lt;br /&gt;1) Akıllı olmak,&lt;br /&gt;2) Erginlik çağına gelmiş olmak,&lt;br /&gt;3) Müslüman olmak,&lt;br /&gt;4) Hür olmak,&lt;br /&gt;5) Haccın farz olduğunu bilmek. (Bu şart müslüman olmayan ülkelerde müslümanlığı kabul edenler içindir. İslâm ülkelerinde yaşayan müslümanlar için haccın farz olduğunu bilmemek özür değildir.)&lt;br /&gt;6) Zorunlu ihtiyaçlardan başka hacca gidip dönünceye kadar kendisinin ve bakmakla yükümlü olduğu aile fertlerinin geçinebileceği maddi güce sahip olmak.&lt;br /&gt;7) Durumuna uygun bir vasıta ile hac yolculuğunu yapabilmesi için vasıta ve yol masraflarını karşılayacak parası olmak.&lt;br /&gt;8) Hac vazifesini yapabilecek zamana yetişmiş olmak.&lt;br /&gt;    Saydığımız bu şartlardan başka hac vazifesini bizzat yapmak için şu şartların da bulunması gerekir. Bunlara haccın edasının şartları denir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Haccın Edasının Şartları:&lt;br /&gt;1) Vücutça sağlıklı olmak, (Kör, kötürüm ve hac yolculuğuna dayanamayacak derecede hasta ve yaşlı olmamak.)&lt;br /&gt;2) Hacca gitmesine bir engel bulunmamak, (Hapiste olmak gibi)&lt;br /&gt;3) Yol güvenliği olmak,&lt;br /&gt;4) Kadının yanında kocası veya evlenmesi caiz olmayan bir mahremi bulunmak.&lt;br /&gt;5) Kocası ölmüş veya boşanmış olan kadınların iddet süreleri bitmiş olmak.&lt;br /&gt;    Bu saydığımız şartlara sahip olan bir kimsenin önündeki ilk hac mevsiminde hacca gitmesi farz olur.&lt;br /&gt;    Haccın Vacipleri (*)&lt;br /&gt;1 - Müzdelife'de vakfe. &lt;br /&gt;2 - Safa ile Merve tepeleri arasında sa'y etmek &lt;br /&gt;3 - Cemreleri taşlamak (Şeytan taşlamak) &lt;br /&gt;4 - Saçları traş etmek veya kısaltmak &lt;br /&gt;5 - Sader (veda) tavafını edâ etmek&lt;br /&gt;    Haccın Sünnetleri (*)&lt;br /&gt;    Kudûm tavafı yapmak, erkeklerin kudûm ve ziyâret tavafında remel yapmaları (Reml: Adımları kısaltıp, omuzları silkerek çalımlı bir şekilde yürümektir. Tavafın ilk üç şavt'ında yapılır), Safa ile Merve arasında sa'y ederken, orada bulunan iki direk arasında erkeklerin süratlice geçmeleri, Bayram gecelerinde Mina'da yatmak, arefe günü, güneş doğduktan sonra Mina'dan Arafat'a gitmek, Müzdelife'den Mina'ya bayram günü sabahı, henüz güneş doğmadan hareket etmek, Müzdelife'de gecelemek ve cemreler arasında (Şeytan taşlama esnasında) tertibe riayet etmektir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Umre&lt;br /&gt;    Umre, belirli bir zamana bağlı olmadan usulüne göre ihrama girdikten sonra tavaf etmek, sa'y yapmak ve traş olmaktan ibarettir.&lt;br /&gt;    Umre sünnettir. Umre için belirli bir zaman yoktur. Arefe ve onu izleyen kurban bayramı günleri olmak üzere yılda beş günün dışında her zaman umre yapılabilir.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-8094284138071591034?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/8094284138071591034/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=8094284138071591034' title='6 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/8094284138071591034'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/8094284138071591034'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/hac-ile-ilgili-bilgiler.html' title='Hac İle İlgili Bilgiler'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-3992742177179677595</id><published>2008-01-05T06:50:00.005-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-05T06:50:58.653-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Zekat İle İlgili Bilgiler</title><content type='html'>ZEKAT&lt;br /&gt;    İslâmın beş şartından dördüncüsü zekât vermektir. Hicretin ikinci yılında oruçtan önce farz olmuştur. Mal ile yapılan ibadettir.&lt;br /&gt;    Zekât, dini ölçülere göre zengin olan müslümanların seneden seneye malının ve parasının kırkta birini fakir olan müslümanlara vermesidir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Zekâtın Faydaları&lt;br /&gt;    Zekât, kalbi cimrilik hastalığından, malı fakirin hakkından temizleyen, zenginlerde şefkat ve merhamet duygularını geliştiren bir ibadettir. Zekât sayesinde fakirlerin kalbindeki haset ve kıskançlık ortadan kalkar. Kendilerine yardım eden zenginlere karşı sevgi ve saygı meydana gelerek toplumda birlik ve kardeşlik kuvvetlenmiş olur.&lt;br /&gt;    İslâm Dini, toplumun dertlerini tedâvi eden, ihtiyaçlarını karşılayan birçok esaslar getirmiştir. Allah'ın emri olan zekât, bir sosyal yardımlaşma sistemidir. Zekât malın büyümesini ve bereketlenmesini sağlar. Zekâtı verilen serveti, yok olmaktan, kötü insanların zararından Allah korur. Sevgili Peygamberimiz şöyle buyuruyor: "Mallarınızı zekât ile koruyunuz." (et-Terğib ve't-Terhib, c.I, s.520)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Zekat Kimlere Farzdır?&lt;br /&gt;    Zekat, Müslüman, erginlik çağına gelmiş, akıllı, hür ve dinen zengin sayılan kimselere farzdır.&lt;br /&gt;    Dinen zengin sayılanlar, borcundan ve aslî ihtiyaçlarından başka "NİSAP MİKTARI" malı olan kimselerdir.&lt;br /&gt;ASLÎ İHTİYAÇ: Oturulan ev, giyim eşyası, binek arabası, ticaret için olmayan kitaplar, sanatın icrası için gerekli aletler ve ailenin bir yıllık nafakasıdır.&lt;br /&gt;NİSAP: Dinimizin koyduğu bir zenginlik ölçüsüdür. Bu ölçüye göre: Aslî ihtiyacından başka 81 gram altını, 561 gram gümüşü veya bu miktarlar karşılığı parası veya ticaret malı bulunan, kırk koyun veya keçiye, otuz sığıra veya beş deveye sahip olan müslümanlar "NİSAP MİKTARI" mala sahip olmuş sayılırlar.&lt;br /&gt;    Asli ihtiyaçtan başka bu miktarlarda mala sahip olduktan sona tam bir yıl geçince zekat farz olur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Zekât Kimlere Verilir?&lt;br /&gt;   Zekât verilecek kimseler şunlardır:&lt;br /&gt;1) Fakirler: Dini ölçülere göre zengin sayılmayan, nisab miktarı malı olmayan kimselerdir.&lt;br /&gt;2) Yoksullar: Hiçbir şeyi olmayanlar.&lt;br /&gt;3) Borçlular: Borcundan fazla nisab miktarı mala sahip olmayanlar.&lt;br /&gt;4) Yolcu: Memleketinde malı olduğu halde yolda parasız kalan, elinde bir şey bulunmayan kimselerdir. (Bunlara memleketlerine varacak kadar zekât verilebilir.)&lt;br /&gt;5) Allah Yolundakiler: Bunlar cihad veya hac için yola çıkıp parasız kalanlar ile işini gücünü bırakıp kendisini ilme vermiş olan kimselerdir.&lt;br /&gt;    Zekatın öncelikle fakir olan yakın akrabaya, komşulara, hemşehrilere verilmesi daha sevaplıdır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Zekât Kimlere Verilmez?&lt;br /&gt;1) Ana, baba, büyük ana ve büyük babalara,&lt;br /&gt;2) Oğluna, oğlunun çocuklarına,kızına, kızının çocuklarına ve bunlardan doğan çocuklara,&lt;br /&gt;3) Zenginlere,&lt;br /&gt;4) Müslüman olmayanlara,&lt;br /&gt;5) Karı-koca birbirlerine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Zekatın Ödenmesi&lt;br /&gt;   Paranın her 40 liradan bir lirası zekat olarak fakire verilecektir. Canlı hayvanların zekatı nev'ine göre değişir. Koyunda: kırkta bir; devede: beş devede bir koyun, sığırda: otuzda bir danadır.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-3992742177179677595?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/3992742177179677595/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=3992742177179677595' title='1 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/3992742177179677595'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/3992742177179677595'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/zekat-ile-ilgili-bilgiler.html' title='Zekat İle İlgili Bilgiler'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-8034145498308748180</id><published>2008-01-05T06:50:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-05T06:50:41.638-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Oruç İle İlgili Bilgiler</title><content type='html'>ORUÇ VE FAYDALARI&lt;br /&gt;    Ramazan ayında oruç tutmak İslam'ın beş şartından biridir. Oruç, niyet ederek tan yerinin ağarmasından itibaren güneş batıncaya kadar yememek, içmemek ve cinsi ilişkide bulunmamak suretiyle yerine getirilen bir ibadettir.&lt;br /&gt;    Peygamberimiz oruç tutanlar için şu müjdeyi veriyor: "Kim inanarak ve mükafatını Allah'tan bekleyerek Ramazan orucunu tutarsa geçmiş günahları bağışlanır."(El-Buhari, Savm:7)&lt;br /&gt;    Oruç,ancak Allah'ın hoşnutluğunu kazanmak için tutulur. Oruç, iyi bir irade terbiyesidir: İnsanlara iyi huylar ve ahlak güzelliği sağlar, insanı olgunlaştırır. Oruç, aynı zamanda müslümanı günah işlemekten ve cehennem ateşinden koruyan bir kalkandır. Acıma duygusunu geliştirir, sağlığımızın korunmasına yardımcıdır, nimetlerin değerini bildirir, olaylar karşısında sabırlı olmayı öğretir.&lt;br /&gt;    Yüce Allah bir hadisi kudsîde "Oruç benim içindir, o'nun mükafatını da ben veririm" buyurmuştur (Müslim, Siyam;30).&lt;br /&gt;    RAMAZAN ORUCU VE ORUÇ ÇEŞİTLERİ&lt;br /&gt;    Ramazan orucu müslüman, akıllı ve ergenlik çağına gelmiş kimselere farzdır. Ramazan orucu, kameri aylardan Ramazan ayının bazen 29, bazen 30 gün sürmesine göre 29 veya 30 gün olarak tutulur.&lt;br /&gt;    Oruçlarda niyet önemlidir. Niyet kalp ile olur. Geceleyin imsaktan önce veya imsak vaktinde ertesi gün oruç tutacağını kalbinden geçiren bir müslüman o günün orucuna niyet etmiş olur. Oruç tutmak düşüncesi ile sahur yemeğine kalkan kimse de oruca , niyet etmiş sayılır. Ancak oruç tutan kimsenin hem içinden niyet etmesi, hem de dili ile "Niyet ettim Ramazan'ın yarınki orucuna" diye söylemesi daha iyi olur.&lt;br /&gt;    Beş çeşit oruç vardır:&lt;br /&gt;1. FARZ ORUÇ: Ramazan orucunun edası ve kazası farzdır. Keffaret oruçlarının tutulması da farzdır.&lt;br /&gt;2. VACİP ORUÇ: Adak oruçları ile bozulan nafile orucun kaza edilmesi vaciptir.&lt;br /&gt;3. SÜNNET ORUÇ: Kamerî aylardan Muharrem ayının 9-10 veya 10-11. günlerinde oruç tutmak sünnettir.&lt;br /&gt;4. MÜSTEHAP ORUÇ: Kameri ayların 13. 14. 15. günleri ile her haftanın Pazartesi ve Perşembe günleri, Şevval ayında 6 gün oruç tutmak müstehaptır.&lt;br /&gt;5. MEKRUH ORUÇ: İki türlü mekruh oruç vardır:&lt;br /&gt;a) Muharrem ayının sadece 10. günü, yalnız Cuma veya Cumartesi günleri oruç tutmak, iki orucu iftar etmeksizin birbirine eklemek veya senenin tamamını oruçlu geçirmek "TENZÎHEN MEKRUH"tur.&lt;br /&gt;b) Ramazan bayramının birinci günü ile Kurban Bayramının 4 günü oruç tutmak "TAHRÎMEN MEKRUH"tur.&lt;br /&gt;    RAMAZAN'DA ORUÇ TUTAMAYANLAR NE YAPARLAR?&lt;br /&gt;    Oruç tutmayacak kadar hasta olanlar, hastaya bakanlar, Ramazan ayında yolculuk yapanlar, gebe veya emzikli olanlar, aşırı yaşlılar ve düşkünler, aybaşı hali veya loğusalık halinde bulunan kadınlar Ramazan ayında oruç tutmazlar. Bunlardan:&lt;br /&gt;a) Aybaşı hali veya loğusalık halinde olan kadınlar ile emzikli ve gebe olan kadınlar, bu özürleri sona erdikten sonra ve Ramazan ayı dışında oruçlarını kaza ederler.&lt;br /&gt;b) Yolcular, yolculukları bitince oruçlarına başlarlar. Ramazan ayında tutamadıkları oruçlarını Ramazan ayından sonra tutarlar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    ORUCA NE ZAMAN VE NASIL NİYET EDİLİR&lt;br /&gt;    Orucun sahih olması için niyet etmek şarttır. Niyetsiz oruç makbul değildir.&lt;br /&gt;    Ramazan orucuna, akşamdan itibaren kuşluk vaktine kadar niyet edilebilir. Şöyle ki:&lt;br /&gt;    Normal olarak oruca, sahur yemeğini yedikten sonra niyet edilir. Ancak sahurda uyanamayıp yeme içme zamanının bittiği imsak vaktinden sonra kalkan bir kimse, güneş doğmuş olsa bile, kuşluk vaktine kadar o günün orucuna niyet edebilir. Yeter ki, imsak vaktinden sonra orucu bozacak bir şey yapmasın.&lt;br /&gt;    Sahura kalkmak istemeyen bir kimse, akşamdan sonra yarının orucuna niyet edebilir, geceleyin kalkıp tekrar niyet etmesi gerekmez. Ramazan ayında tutulamayan orucu, başka günlerde kaza ederken niyetin geceleyin «tan yeri ağarmadan önce» yapılması gerekir. Keffaret oruçları da böyledir. Bu oruçlara imsaktan sonra niyet edilmez.&lt;br /&gt;Niyet esasen kalp ile olur. Yani geceleyin, yarın oruç tutacağını kalbinden geçiren kimse niyet etmiş demektir. Oruç tutmak düşüncesi ile sahur yemeğine kalkan kimsenin bu düşüncesi de niyettir. Oruca kalp ile niyet etmek yeterlidir. Ancak kalp ile yapılan bu niyeti dil ile söylemek daha iyidir. Bu sebeple, oruç tutacak olan kimse, hem içinden niyet etmeli, hem de dili ile: "Niyet ettim Ramazan-ı şerifin yarınki orucuna" diye söylemelidir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    ORUÇ NASIL TUTULUR&lt;br /&gt;    Oruç, imsâk vaktinde başlar. Oruca niyet eden kimse bu vakitten itibaren herhangi bir şey yiyemez, içemez ve orucu bozan şeyleri yapamaz. Bu durum akşam güneş batıncaya kadar devam eder. Güneş battıktan sonra yiyip içmek sûretiyle orucunu açar. İşte niyet ederek, imsâk vaktinden akşam güneş batıncaya kadar yememek, içmemek, ve orucu bozan şeylerden sakınmakla bir günlük oruç tutulmuş olur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    ORUCU BOZUP KAZA VE KEFFARET GEREKTİREN HALLER&lt;br /&gt;    Oruçlu olduğunu bildiği halde kasden;&lt;br /&gt;    1- Yemek, içmek, (ister gıda maddesi, isterse ilaç olsun)&lt;br /&gt;    2- Cinsi ilişkide bulunmak.&lt;br /&gt;    3- Sigara içmek&lt;br /&gt;    Orucu bozar, kaza ve keffareti gerektirir.&lt;br /&gt;   Kaza: Bozulan orucun yerine gününe gün oruç tutmaktır.&lt;br /&gt;   Keffaret: Bozulan bir gün orucun yerine iki ay veya altmış gün peşpeşe oruç tutmaktır.&lt;br /&gt;    Ramazan ayında niyet ederek oruca başlayan bir kimse özürsüz olarak bile bile yiyip içse veya cinsi ilişkide bulunsa orucu bozulur. Bozulan bu orucun gününe gün kaza edilmesi, ayrıca oruç özürsüz olarak ve bile bile bozulduğu için de keffaret tutması gerekir.&lt;br /&gt;    Başlanan bir orucu bilerek bozmanın dünyadaki cezası keffarettir. Yani altmış gün birbiri ardınca oruç tutmaktır. Herhangi bir sebeple keffaret orucuna ara verilir veya eksik tutulursa yeniden başlayıp altmış günü kesintisiz tamamlamak lazımdır. Kadınlar keffaret orucu tutarken araya giren âdet günlerini tutmazlar, âdet halleri bitince ara vermeden temiz günlerinde oruca devam ederek altmış günü tamamlarlar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   ORUCU BOZUP YALNIZ KAZAYI GEREKTİREN ŞEYLER &lt;br /&gt;1) Yenmesi mutad olmayan ve ilaç olarak da kulanılmayan şeyleri yutmak, (toprak, kağıt, pamuk gibi)&lt;br /&gt;2) Buruna ilaç çekmek,&lt;br /&gt;3) Kulağın içine yağ damlatmak,&lt;br /&gt;4) Abdest esnasında ağzına ve burnuna su alırken kendi elinde olmayarak boğazına su kaçmak,&lt;br /&gt;5) Ağzına aldığı renkli ipliğin boyası tükrüğe geçip, boyanan bu tükrüğü yutmak,&lt;br /&gt;6) Zorla orucu bozulmak,&lt;br /&gt;7) Ağız dolusu kusmak, (Kendi isteği ile)&lt;br /&gt;8) Akşam vakti girmediği halde, akşam oldu zannederek iftar etmek,&lt;br /&gt;9) İmsak vakti geçtiği halde, İmsak'a daha vardır zannederek yemek.&lt;br /&gt;10) Kendi iradesi olmaksızın ağzına kar ve yağmur tanesi kaçan ve bunu yutmak&lt;br /&gt;11) Meşru bir özür sebebiyle; makadından şırınga (iğne) yaptırmak&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    ORUCU BOZMAYAN ŞEYLER&lt;br /&gt;1) Oruçlu olduğunu unutarak yemek, içmek, (unutarak yiyip içerken oruçlu olduğunu hatırlarsa hemen ağzını yıkayıp oruca devam eder, oruçlu olduğunu hatırladıktan sonra boğazından aşağıya bir şey geçerse orucu bozulur.)&lt;br /&gt;2) Kulağına su kaçmak,&lt;br /&gt;3) Göze ilaç damlatmak,&lt;br /&gt;4) Gece yıkanması gerekirken sabahleyin yıkanmak,&lt;br /&gt;5) Kendi isteği olmayarak kusmak,&lt;br /&gt;6) İhtilâm olmak, (yani uyurken cünüplük hali meydana gelmek)&lt;br /&gt;7) Kan aldırmak,&lt;br /&gt;8) Kendi isteği olmayarak boğazına toz, duman girmek,&lt;br /&gt;9) Ağzındaki tükrüğü yutmak.&lt;br /&gt;10) Yemeksizin herhangi bir maddenin tadını boğazında hissetmesi&lt;br /&gt;11) Nohut tanesinden daha küçük olan ve dişler arasında bulunan yiyeceği yutmak.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    ORUÇLUYA MEKRUH OLAN HUSUSLAR&lt;br /&gt;1- Bir şeyi dilinin ucuyla gereksiz yere tatmak&lt;br /&gt;2- Lüzumsuz yere bir şey çiğnemek&lt;br /&gt;3- Sakız çiğnemek&lt;br /&gt;4- Kendisinden emin olmayan bir kişinin hanımını öpmesi, boynuna sarılması, kucağına alması.&lt;br /&gt;5- Tükrüğü ağızda biriktirip yutmak&lt;br /&gt;6- Kan aldırmak&lt;br /&gt;7- Kendini zayıf düşüreceğini tahmin ettiği yorucu bir işte çalışmak.&lt;br /&gt;8- Ağzına su alıp çalkalamak&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Fıtır Sadakası&lt;br /&gt;    Borcundan ve aslî ihtiyaçlarından başka en az nisab miktarı malı (80.18 gr. altın) veya onun değerinde parası olan müslümanın fıtır sadakası vermesi vacipdir. Buna kısaca "Fitre" denilir. Fıtır sadakasının vacip olması için zekâtta olduğu gibi malın üzerinden bir yıl geçmesi ve artıcı nitelikte olması şart değildir.&lt;br /&gt;    Fitre, Ramazan ayında fakirlere verilen bir sadakadır. Bayramdan önce verilmesi iyidir. Bayram günü veya daha sonra da verilebilir. Dini ölçülere göre zengin olan kimsenin, hem kendisinin, hem de erginlik çağına gelmemiş olan çocuklarının fitrelerini vermesi vaciptir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fitre Şu Dört Cins Yiyecek Maddesinden Aşağıdaki Miktarlarda Verilir:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cinsi:                                                 Miktarı:&lt;br /&gt;1– Buğday                                        1460 Gram&lt;br /&gt;2– Arpa                                            2920 Gram&lt;br /&gt;3– Kuru üzüm                                    2920 Gram&lt;br /&gt;4– Hurma                                         2920 Gram&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Bu gıda maddelerinin kendileri verilebileceği gibi para olarak değerleri de verilir. Hangisi fakirin yararına ise onu vermek daha uygundur. Bir fitre yalnız bir fakire verilir, ikiye bölünmez. Bir fakire birden fazla fitre verilebilir. Fitre niyet edilerek verilir. Ancak bunun fitre olduğunu fakire söylemek gerekmez. İçinden niyet etmesi yeterlidir.&lt;br /&gt;    Zekât hangi fakirlere verilirse fitre de onlara verilir. Bir özürden dolayı ramazanda oruç tutmayanlar da, nisap miktarı mal veya paraya sahip iseler fitrelerini vermekle yükümlüdürler.&lt;br /&gt;    Varlıklı müslümanlar fitre vermek suretiyle fakirlere bayram sevincini tattırırlar. Böylece, hem borcunu ödemiş, hem de sevap kazanmış olurlar. Fitre vermek, orucun kabul edilmesine, ölümün şiddetinden ve kabir azabından kurtulmaya vesile olur.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-8034145498308748180?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/8034145498308748180/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=8034145498308748180' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/8034145498308748180'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/8034145498308748180'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/oru-ile-ilgili-bilgiler.html' title='Oruç İle İlgili Bilgiler'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-1531088472217046992</id><published>2008-01-05T06:50:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-05T06:50:21.256-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Sehiv Secdesi (Unutma Secdesi)</title><content type='html'>Sehiv Secdesi&lt;br /&gt;   Sehiv Secdesi Hangi Hallerde ve Ne Zaman Yapılır&lt;br /&gt;    a) Namazda farzlardan birinin unutularak geciktirilmesi.&lt;br /&gt;    b) Vaciblerden birinin unutularak geciktirilmesi veya unutularak yapılmaması hallerinde sehiv secdesi yapılır.&lt;br /&gt;    Namazdaki bu eksikliği gidermek için namazın sonunda sehiv secdesi yapmak vacibtir. Farzlardan birinin unutularak veya bile bile yapılmaması hâlinde namaz bozulacağı için sehiv secdesi ile tamamlanamaz, namazın yeniden kılınması gerekir. Vaciblerden herhangi birinin bilerek terkedilmesi durumunda sehiv secdesi yapılmaz, namazın yeniden kılınması gerekir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Sehiv Secdesi Nedir, Nasıl Yapılır?&lt;br /&gt;    Namazın sonunda iki defa secde yapıp oturmak ve bu oturuşta Ettehiyyatü, Allahümme salli ve Allahümme barik'i okuyup selâm vermeye sehiv secdesi denir. Sehiv secdesi şöyle yapılır:&lt;br /&gt;    Namazın son oturuşunda yalnız Ettehiyyatü okunarak sağ tarafa selam verildikten sonra: "Allahü Ekber" diyerek secdeye varılır. Burada üç kere "Sübhâne Rabbiye'l-â'lâ" denilir. Sonra "Allahü Ekber" denilerek kalkılıp oturulur, tekrar "Allahü Ekber" diyerek ikinci defa secdeye varılır ve üç kere "Sübhâne Rabbiye'l-â'lâ" söylenir ve "Allahü ekber" diyerek kalkılıp oturulur. Bu oturuşta, "Ettehiyyatü, Allahümme salli, Allahümme bârik ve Rabbenâ âtinâ..." duaları okunarak önce sağa, sonra sola selâm verilir. Buna sehiv secdesi denir.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-1531088472217046992?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/1531088472217046992/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=1531088472217046992' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/1531088472217046992'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/1531088472217046992'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/sehiv-secdesi-unutma-secdesi.html' title='Sehiv Secdesi (Unutma Secdesi)'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-682890653341994869</id><published>2008-01-05T06:49:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-05T06:49:52.599-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Kaza, Teravih ve Yolcu Namazları</title><content type='html'>Kaza, Teravih ve Yolcu Namazları&lt;br /&gt;    KAZA NAMAZI&lt;br /&gt;    Bir namazı vaktinde kılmaya "Eda", vakti çıktıktan sora kılmaya da "Kaza" denir. Namazı bile bile, özürsüz olarak vaktinden sonraya bırakmak büyük günahtır. Namaz, kaza edilmekle yerine getirilmiş olur. Ancak vaktinden sonraya bırakıldığı için Cenab-ı Haktan af dilemek lâzımdır.&lt;br /&gt;    Beş vakit namazın farzları ile vitir namazı kaza edilir, vakit çıktıktan sonra sünnetler kaza edilmez. Yalnız sabah namazını vaktinde kılamayan kimse, aynı gün büyük kuşluk vaktine kadar farz ile birlikte sünneti de kaza eder.        Kaza namazı kılmak için belirli bir vakit yoktur. Gündüz ve gece her zaman kılınır. Yalnız üç mekruh vakitte, yani güneş doğarken, güneş tam tepe noktasında iken ve güneş batarken kılınmaz.&lt;br /&gt;    Geçmiş namazları kaza ederken hangi günün hangi vaktinin namazı olduğunu bilemezse: "Niyet ettim Allah rızası için kazaya kalan son sabah namazının farzını kılmaya" diye niyet eder, diğer namazlar için de, kazaya kalan son öğle, son ikindi, son akşam, son yatsı, son vitir namazı diye niyet eder.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    TERAVİH NAMAZI&lt;br /&gt;    Yalnız Ramazan'da her gün yatsı namazından sonra kılınır. Ramazan'da teravih kılmak sünnettir. Teravihten sonra vitir namazı kılınır. Teravih namazı 20 rekattir. Yalnız veya cemaatle kılınabilir. 2 rekatte bir veya 4 rekatte bir selam verilerek kılınabilir. 2 rekatte bir selam vererek kılmak daha faziletlidir.&lt;br /&gt;    Teravih naması 2 rekatta bir selam verilerek kılındığında aynen sabah namazının sünneti gibi kılınır. 4 rekatta bir selam verilerek kılındığında ikindi namazının sünneti gibi kılınır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    YOLCU NAMAZI&lt;br /&gt;    Onbeş günden az oturmak niyetiyle, yaya veya orta yürüyüşte onsekiz saatlik (90 kilometrelik) veya daha uzak yolculuğa çıkanlar dinde "YOLCU" sayılır.&lt;br /&gt;    90 kilometrelik bu yolculuğu trenle, uçakla, vapurla yapanlar da yolcu sayılırlar.&lt;br /&gt;    Dinimiz, yolcular için bazı kolaylıklar göstermiştir. Şöyle ki:&lt;br /&gt;    a) Yolcular 4 rekatlı farz namazları iki rekat olarak kılar.&lt;br /&gt;    b) Vakitte darlık varsa sünnetler kılınmayabilir.&lt;br /&gt;    c) Ramazanda dilerlerse ramazan oruçlarını tutmayıp bir başka zamana bırakabilirler.&lt;br /&gt;    d) Ayaklarına giydikleri "Mest"e 3 gün süre ile (72 saat) meshedebilirler.&lt;br /&gt;    Dinimizde güçlük yoktur. Yüce Allah'a ibadeti gücümüz yettiğince yaparız. Yolculara, hastalara ve özürlülere tanınan kolaylıklar bu sebeptendir.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-682890653341994869?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/682890653341994869/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=682890653341994869' title='1 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/682890653341994869'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/682890653341994869'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/kaza-teravih-ve-yolcu-namazlar.html' title='Kaza, Teravih ve Yolcu Namazları'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-8568395897071396276</id><published>2008-01-05T06:49:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-05T06:49:26.424-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Cenaze Namazı</title><content type='html'>CENAZE NAMAZI&lt;br /&gt;    Cenaze namazı, vefat eden din kardeşlerimiz hakkında dua olmak üzere bir farz-ı kifayedir. Cenaze namazının kılınması için araran şartlar şunlardır:&lt;br /&gt;    1- Ölenin müslüman olması. Müslüman olduğu bilinmeyen, bu hususta hali gizli olan kimsenin cenaze namazı kılınmaz. Ölenin müslüman olduğuna şahid ve delil lazımdır. Bu delil de onun hayatta iken İslam'a tabi olduğu ve İslam'ın icaplarını yerine getirdiği başkaları tarafından görülen, bilinen kişi olmasıdır. Binaenaleyh biz cenaze namazını kılacağımız kimseyi ibadet ederken saflarımız arasında görmeliyiz.&lt;br /&gt;    2- Ölünün yıkanarak temiz kefene sarılmış olması&lt;br /&gt;    3- Ölünün, imam ve cemaatın önünde olması&lt;br /&gt;    4- Ölünün tamamının veya bedeninin çoğununun, mevcut olması. Eğer bedeninin çoğu gitmiş veya başsız olarak yarısı varsa namazı kılınmaz, yıkanmaz. Bir beze sarılarak gömülür.&lt;br /&gt;    Cenaze namazı dört tekbir ve kıyamla eda edilir. Bu namazda secde ve rüku yoktur.&lt;br /&gt;    CENAZE NAMAZININ KILINIŞI&lt;br /&gt;    İmam, ölünün göğsü hizasında durur. Cemaat da arkasında saf tutar. Cemaata ölünün erkek veya kadın olduğu duyurulur, ona göre niyet edilir. Yani "Allah için namaza meyyit için duaya, er kişi (veya hatun kişi) niyetine uydum hazır olan imama" diye kalben niyet edip tekbir alınır. İlk tekbiri alırken eller kulağın hizasına kaldırılır, bağlanır. Sübhaneke, "ve celle senâüke" ile okunur. Bundan sonra eller kaldırılmadan ikinci bir tekbir alınır. Bu tekbirleri imam aşikar, cemaat ise gizli alır. "Allahümme salli ve Allahümme barik...." okunur. Bundan sonra üçüncü tekbir alınır. Cenaze duası okunur. Cenaze duasını bilmeyenler burada "Allahümme innâ nestaiynüke..."yi yani kunut duasını veya dua niyeti ile Fatiha-i şerifeyi okurlar. Daha sonra dördüncü tekbir alınır; selam verilir.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-8568395897071396276?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/8568395897071396276/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=8568395897071396276' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/8568395897071396276'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/8568395897071396276'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/cenaze-namaz.html' title='Cenaze Namazı'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-5973558072163485068</id><published>2008-01-05T06:48:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-05T06:49:07.526-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Bayram Namazları ve Kılınışı</title><content type='html'>BAYRAM NAMAZLARI&lt;br /&gt;    Müslümanların yılda iki dinî bayramı vardır:&lt;br /&gt;    1) Ramazan Bayramı.&lt;br /&gt;    2) Kurban Bayramı&lt;br /&gt;    Cuma namazı farz olan kimselere, bayram namazlarını kılmak vacibdir. Bayram namazı iki rek'attır. Cemaatla kılınır. Bayram namazlarında ezan okumak, ikamet getirmek yoktur. Bayram hutbesi sünnettir ve namazdan sonra okunur. Cuma hutbesi ise farzdır namazdan önce okunur.&lt;br /&gt;    Diğer namazlardan farklı olarak bayram namazlarının birinci rek'atında üç, ikinci rek'atında da üç kere olmak üzere fazladan altı tekbir alınır. Bunlara "Zevaid tekbirleri" denir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Bayram Namazlarının Kılınışı&lt;br /&gt;    Ramazan Bayramı Namazı:&lt;br /&gt;   Birinci rek'at:&lt;br /&gt;1) Cemaat düzgün sıralar hâlinde imamın arkasında yer alır ve "Niyet ettim Allah rızası için Ramazan Bayramı namazını kılmaya, uydum imama" diye niyet eder.&lt;br /&gt;2) İmam "Allahü Ekber" deyip ellerini yukarıya kaldırınca, cemaat de imamın peşinden "Allahü Ekber" diyerek ellerini yukarıya kaldırıp göbeği altına bağlar.&lt;br /&gt;3) Hem imam, hem de cemaat gizlice "Sübhâneke"yi okur. Bundan sonra üç kere tekbir alınır. Tekbirlerin alınışı şöyledir:&lt;br /&gt;Birinci Tekbir: İmam yüksek sesle, cemaat da onun peşinden gizlice "Allahü Ekber" diyerek (iftitah tekbirinde olduğu gibi) ellerini yukarıya kaldırıp sonra aşağıya salıverirler. Burada kısa bir süre durulur.&lt;br /&gt;İkinci Tekbir: İkinci defa "Allahü Ekber" denilerek eller yukarıya kadırılıp yine aşağıya salıverilir ve burada da birincide olduğu kadar durulur.&lt;br /&gt;Üçüncü Tekbir: Sonra yine "Allahü Ekber" denilerek eller yukarıya kaldırılır ve aşağıya salıverilmeden bağlanır.&lt;br /&gt;4) Bundan sonra imam, gizlice "Eûzü-Besmele", açıktan fatiha ve bir sûre okur. (Cemaat bir şey okumaz, imamı dinler.)&lt;br /&gt;5) Rükû ve secdeler yapılarak ayağa (İkinci rek'ata) kalkılır ve eller bağlanır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;İkinci Rek'at:&lt;br /&gt;6) İmam gizlice Besmele, açıktan da fatiha ve bir sûre okur. Sûre bitince imam yüksek sesle, cemaat da içinden (birinci rek'atta olduğu gibi) üç kere daha tekbir alır, üçüncü tekbirden sonra eller bağlanmadan, dördüncü tekbir ile rükûa varılır sonra da secdeler yapılarak oturulur.&lt;br /&gt;7) Oturuşta, imam ve cemaat, "Ettehiyyatü, Allâhümme salli, Allâhümme bârik ve Rabbenâ âtina..." duasını okuyarak önce sağa, sonra sola selâm verip namazı bitirirler. Namazdan sonra hutbe okunur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kurban Bayramı Namazı:&lt;br /&gt;1) "Niyet ettim Allah rızası için kurban bayramı namazını kılmaya, uydum imama" diye niyet edilir.&lt;br /&gt;    Niyetten sonrası aynen Ramazan bayramı namazı gibi kılınır. Namaz bitince hutbe okunur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   TEŞRİK TEKBİRLERİ&lt;br /&gt;    Kurban bayramı'nda arefe günü sabah namazından sonra başlayıp 4. günü ikindi namazının sonunda bitmek üzere her farz namazın sonrasında bir defa tekbir getirilir. Bu vaciptir. Bu getirilen tekbirlere teşrik tekbiri denir. &lt;br /&gt;    "Allahu ekber Allahu ekber lailahe illallahu vallahu ekber Allahu ekber velillahil hamd."&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-5973558072163485068?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/5973558072163485068/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=5973558072163485068' title='1 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/5973558072163485068'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/5973558072163485068'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/bayram-namazlar-ve-kln.html' title='Bayram Namazları ve Kılınışı'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-5668413078130946817</id><published>2008-01-05T06:48:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-05T06:48:43.419-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Cuma Namazı</title><content type='html'>Cuma Namazı&lt;br /&gt;    Cuma namazı, dördü ilk sünnet, ikisi farz ve dördü de son sünnet olmak üzere on rek'attır.Cuma günleri öğle vaktinde kılınır ve o günün öğle namazının yerine geçer. Cuma namazının farzı cemaatle kılınır. Tek başına kılınmaz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Cuma Namazı Kimlere Farzdır&lt;br /&gt;    Cuma namazının bir kimseye farz olması için, müslüman, akıllı ve erginlik çağına gelmiş olmaktan başka altı şartın daha bulunması gerekir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Cuma Namazının Farz Olmasının Şartları:&lt;br /&gt;1) Erkek olmak (Kadınlara farz değildir.)&lt;br /&gt;2) Hür ve serbest olmak.&lt;br /&gt;3) Mukîm olmak. (Yani misafir olmamak)&lt;br /&gt;4) Sağlıklı olmak. (Cuma namazına gidemeycek şekilde hasta olmamak)&lt;br /&gt;5) Kör olmamak.&lt;br /&gt;6) Ayakları sağlam olmak&lt;br /&gt;    Bu şartlar kendisinde olmayan kişiye cuma namazı farz değildir. Ancak bu durumda olan bir kimse câmiye gidip cumayı kılarsa o günün öğle namazının yerine geçer.&lt;br /&gt;    Cuma namazının sahih olması için de altı şart lâzımdır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Cuma Namazının Sahih Olmasının Şartları :&lt;br /&gt;1) Cumanın öğle vaktinde kılınması.&lt;br /&gt;2) Namazdan önce hutbe okunması.&lt;br /&gt;3) Cuma kılınan yerin herkese açık olması&lt;br /&gt;4) İmamdan başka en az üç erkek cemaat bulunması.&lt;br /&gt;5) Cuma namazını kıldıranın, devletin (yetkili makamın) görevlendirdiği veya izin verdiği bir kişi olması.&lt;br /&gt;6) Cuma kılınacak yerin şehir veya şehir hükmünde olması.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Cuma Namazı Nasıl Kılınır&lt;br /&gt;    Cuma günü öğle vakti ezan okunduktan sonra, önce dört rek'at olan ilk sünneti kılınır. Bunun niyeti şöyledir: "Niyet ettim Allah rızası için bugünkü cuma namazının ilk sünnetini kılmaya."&lt;br /&gt;    Cumanın ilk sünnetinin kılınışı aynen öğle namazının dört rek'at sünneti gibidir. Sünnet kılındıktan sonra câminin içinde bir ezan daha okunur ve imam minbere çıkarak hutbe okur. Hutbe bitince ikamet getirilir ve cumanın iki rek'at farzı cemaatle kılınır. İmamın arkasındaki cemaat şöyle niyet eder: "Niyet ettim Allah rızası için bugünkü cuma namazının farzını kılmaya, uydum imama."&lt;br /&gt;    Farzdan sonra cumanın dört rek'at son sünneti kılınır. Bunun kılınışı da cumanın ilk sünneti gibidir. Niyeti şöyledir: "Niyet ettim Allah rızası için cumanın son sünnetini kılmaya."&lt;br /&gt;    Cuma namazı böylece tamamlanmış olur.&lt;br /&gt;    Bundan sonra dileyen dört rek'at "Zuhri Âhir=son öğle" ile iki rek'at da vakit sünneti kılar.&lt;br /&gt;    Son öğle namazına: "Niyet ettim Allah rızası için vaktine yetişip henüz kılamadığım son öğle namazını kılmaya" diye niyet edilir. Bu son öğle namazı, öğlenin dört rek'at farzı gibi kılınmakla beraber sünnetlerde olduğu gibi dört rek'atın hepsinde fatihadan sonra sûre okunması daha iyidir.&lt;br /&gt;    İki rek'at vakit sünnetine de şöyle niyet edilir: "Niyet ettim Allah rızası için vaktin sünnetini kılmaya." Bu namaz da sabah namazının sünneti gibi kılınır.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-5668413078130946817?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/5668413078130946817/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=5668413078130946817' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/5668413078130946817'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/5668413078130946817'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/cuma-namaz.html' title='Cuma Namazı'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-3031661268336049835</id><published>2008-01-04T05:34:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-04T05:34:58.339-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Namaz İle İlgili Bilgiler</title><content type='html'>NAMAZ&lt;br /&gt;    NAMAZ NEDİR?&lt;br /&gt;    Namaz dinin direği, ibadetlerin en üstünüdür. Yüce Allah'a karşı en önemli ibadet görevimiz günde beş defa kıldığımız namazlarımızdır. Erginlik çağına gelen, akıllı her müslümana günde beş vakit namaz kılmak farzdır.&lt;br /&gt;    Namaz, bizi yaratan, yaşatan, sayısız nimetleri veren yüce Allah'a karşı bir kulluk görevimizdir.&lt;br /&gt;    Namaz kılanlar, Allah'ın emrini yerine getirmiş, kulluk borçlarını ödemiş ve Allah'ın hoşnutluğunu kazanmış, dünya ve ahiret mutluluğuna kavuşmuş olurlar.&lt;br /&gt;    NAMAZIN ÇEŞİTLERİ&lt;br /&gt;    Namazın Farz, Vacib ve Nafile çeşitleri vardır.&lt;br /&gt;1. Farz Namazlar: Beş vakit namaz ve cuma namazıdır.&lt;br /&gt;2. Vacip Namazlar: Vitir ve bayram namazları, adanan na-mazlar, bozulan nafile namazların kazasıdır.&lt;br /&gt;3. Nafile Namazlar: Farz ve vacip namazlardan başka kılınan diğer namazlardır.&lt;br /&gt;    NAMAZ VAKİTLERİ&lt;br /&gt;    Her işin belirli bir zamanı vardır. Günde beş defa kılınan farz namazların kılınması için yüce Allah belli vakitler tesbit etmiştir. Sabah, öğle, ikindi, akşam ve yatsı günde beş defa kılınan namazların vakitleridir.&lt;br /&gt;    Sabah Namazının Vakti: Sabaha karşı tan yerinin ağarmaya başlamasından, güneşin doğmasına kadar olan zamandır.&lt;br /&gt;    Öğle Namazının vakti : Güneş tam tepemize gelip, gölge, doğu tarafına uzanmaya başladığı vakitten itibaren -güneş tepe noktasında iken var olan gölge müstesna- herşeyin gölgesinin bir veya iki misli oluncaya kadar devam eden zamandır.&lt;br /&gt;    İkindi Namazının Vakti: Öğle namazı vaktinin bitiminden güneş batıncaya kadar olan zamandır.&lt;br /&gt;    Akşam Namazının Vakti: Güneş battıktan sonra başlayıp güneşin battığı yerde meydana gelen kızıllık kayboluncaya kadar olan zamandır.&lt;br /&gt;    Yatsı Namazının Vakti: Akşam namazının vakti çıktıktan sonra başlayıp sabah namazının vakti girinceye kadar devam eden zamandır.&lt;br /&gt;    Vitir Namazının Vakti: Vitir namazının vakti de yatsı namazının vaktidir. Ancak vitir namazı, yatsı kılındıktan sonra kılınır.&lt;br /&gt;    Cuma Namazının Vakti: Öğle namazının vaktidir.&lt;br /&gt;    Teravih Namazının Vakti: Yatsı namazının vaktidir.&lt;br /&gt;    Bayram Namazının Vakti: Bayram günleri sabahleyin güneşin doğuşundan yaklaşık 50 dakika geçtikten sonra başlayıp güneşin tepe noktasına gelmesine kadar devam eden zamandır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Her namaz, kendi vakti girdikten sonra kılınır. Vakti girmeyen namaz kılınmaz. Her namazın kılınma vakti, kendi vakti girdikten sonra başlar, bir sonraki namazın giriş vaktine kadar devam eder. En iyisi her namazı vaktin ilk giriş zamanında kılmaktır.&lt;br /&gt;    Güneş doğarken, tepe noktasında iken, batarken hiç bir namaz kılınmaz.&lt;br /&gt;    Beş vakit namazın fazları ile sünnetlerinin kaçar rekat olduğu aşağıda gösterilmiştir.&lt;br /&gt;   &lt;br /&gt;    NAMAZ REKATLERİ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;NAMAZIN VAKTİ SÜNNET FARZDAN ÖNCE FARZ SÜNNET FARZDAN SONRA VİTİR TOPLAM &lt;br /&gt;SABAH 2 2 - - 4 &lt;br /&gt;ÖĞLE 4 4 2 - 10 &lt;br /&gt;İKİNDİ 4 4 - - 8 &lt;br /&gt;AKŞAM - 3 2 - 5 &lt;br /&gt;YATSI 4 4 2 3 13 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    NAMAZIN FARZLARI&lt;br /&gt;    Namazın farzları 12'dir. Bunlardan altısı namazın dışındadır, bunlara "Namazın Şartları" denir. Altısı da namazın içindedir. Bunlara da "Namazın Rükünleri" denir.&lt;br /&gt;    Namazın sahih olabilmesi için oniki farzın eksiksiz olarak yerine getirilmesi gerekir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Namazın Şartları:&lt;br /&gt;1) Hadesten Taharet: Hades denilen manevî kirin giderilmesi için, abdest almak, gerekli hallerde gusül yapmaktır.&lt;br /&gt;2) Necasetten Taharet: Namaz kılacak kişinin, bedeninde, üzerindeki elbisede ve namaz kılacağı yerde pislik varsa bunları temizlemektir.&lt;br /&gt;3) Setr-i Avret: Namaz kılacak kişinin vücudunda örtünmesi gereken yerleri örtmesi demektir.&lt;br /&gt;Erkeklerin: Göbek ile diz kapağı arasını (dizkapağı dahil),&lt;br /&gt;Kadınların: Yüz, el ve ayaklardan başka vücudunun her tarafını örtmeleri gerekir.&lt;br /&gt;4) İstikbal-i Kıble: Namazı kıbleye dönerek kılmaktır. Kıble, Mekke şehrindeki kutsal bina olan Kâbe yönüdür. Kâbe, Hz. İbrahim ve Hz. İsmail tarafından yapılmıştır.&lt;br /&gt;5) Vakit: Namazları kendi vakitleri içinde kılmaktır.Vakti gelmeden bir namazı kılmak caiz değildir.&lt;br /&gt;6) Niyet: Hangi namazı kıldığını bilmek ve kalbinde hatırlamaktır. Niyetin dil ile söylenmesi sünnettir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Namazın Rukünleri:&lt;br /&gt;1) İftitah Tekbiri: Namaza başlarken tekbir almak demektir.&lt;br /&gt;2) Kıyam: Namazda ayakta durmak demektir.&lt;br /&gt;3) Kıraat: Namazda ayakta iken biraz Kur'an okumaktır.&lt;br /&gt;4) Rükû': Namazda eller diz kapağına erişecek kadar eğilmektir.&lt;br /&gt;5) Sücûd: Rükû'dan sonra ayaklar, dizler ve ellerle beraber alnı yere koymaktır.&lt;br /&gt;6) Ka'de-i Ahîre: Namazın sonunda "Ettehiyyatü" okuyacak kadar oturmak demektir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Namazın Vacibleri&lt;br /&gt;1) Namaza "Allahu Ekber"sözü ile başlamak.&lt;br /&gt;2) Farz namazların ilk iki rek'atında, nafile namazların her rek'atında Fatiha suresini okumak.&lt;br /&gt;3) Farz namazlarının ilk iki rek'atında, vitir ve nafile namazların her rek'atında Fatihadan sonra sûre veya ayet okumak.&lt;br /&gt;4) Fatihayı sureden önce okumak.&lt;br /&gt;5) Secdede alın ile beraber burnu da yere koymak.&lt;br /&gt;6) Üç ve dört rek'atlı namazların ikinci rek'atında oturmak (Buna ka'de-i ûlâ=birinci oturuş&lt;br /&gt;7) Namazlardaki birinci oturuş ile son oturuşlarda ettehiyyatü'yü okumak.&lt;br /&gt;8) Cemaatle kılındığı zaman sabah, cuma, bayram, teravih ve vitir namazlarının her rek'atında, akşam ve yatsı namazlarının ilk iki rek'atında imamın fatiha ve sureyi açıktan, öğle ve ikindi namazlarında ise, gizlice okuması.&lt;br /&gt;9) İmama uyan cemaatin fatiha ve sureyi okumayıp susması.&lt;br /&gt;10) Vitir namazında kunut tekbiri almak ve kunut dualarını okumak.&lt;br /&gt;11) Bayram namazlarında alınan ilâve tekbirler.&lt;br /&gt;12) Ta'dili erkân, yâni ayakta iken dosdoğru, rükûda dümdüz olmak (Kadınlar biraz meyilli dururlar), rükûdan kalkınca iyice doğrulmak, iki secde arasında tam oturmak.&lt;br /&gt;13) Namazın sonunda sağa ve sola selâm vermek.&lt;br /&gt;14) Namazda yanılma olursa sehiv secdesi yapmak.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Namazın Sünnetleri&lt;br /&gt;1) Beş vakit namaz ile Cuma Namazı için ezan ve kamet getirmek&lt;br /&gt;2) İftitah tekbirini alırken elleri yukarıya kaldırmak&lt;br /&gt;3) Sübhaneke ve Eûzu-Besmele'yi sessizce okumak&lt;br /&gt;4) Sağ eli sol el üzerine koymak&lt;br /&gt;5) Fatiha'dan sonra gizlice 'amin' demek&lt;br /&gt;6) Rükû ve secdeye eğilip kalkarken alınan tekbirler&lt;br /&gt;7) Rüku ve secde tesbihleri. ( Rukû'da üç defa "SÜBHANE RABBİYE'L AZÎM" ve her iki secdede üçer defa SÜBHANE RABBİYE'L ÂLÂ" demek.)&lt;br /&gt;8) Rukü'dan doğrulunca "SEMİALLAHU LİMEN HAMİDEH" ve hemen arkasından "RABBENA LEKE'L HAMD" demek.&lt;br /&gt;9) Kıyamda bir özür bulunmadığı takdirde iki ayağın arasını dört parmak kadar açık bulundurmak.&lt;br /&gt;10) Rukü'da parmaklar açıK olarak dizleri tutmak, dizleri, dirsekleri dik ve sırtı baş ile dümdüz halde bulundurmak.&lt;br /&gt;11) Secdeye varırken önce dizleri, sonra elleri, sonra yüzü vere koymak. Secdeden kalkarken önce yüzü, sonra elleri, sonra dizleri kaldırmak.&lt;br /&gt;12) Tahiyyatı sessizce okumak&lt;br /&gt;13) Selama sağdan başlamak&lt;br /&gt;14) Sütre edinmek (Önü açık yerde namaz kılarken önüne sütre koymak)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Namazı Bozan Şeyler&lt;br /&gt;1) Namazda konuşmak.&lt;br /&gt;2) Birşey yemek veya içmek.&lt;br /&gt;3) Kendi işiteceği kadar gülmek (yanındakilerin işiteceği kadar gülerse abdesti de bozulur.)&lt;br /&gt;4) Birine selâm vermek veya verilen selâmı almak.&lt;br /&gt;5) Göğsünü kıbleden çevirmek.&lt;br /&gt;6) Dünyaya âit bir şeyden veya bir ağrıdan dolayı ağlamak "ah" demek. (Allah korkusundan dolayı ağlamak namazı bozmaz.)&lt;br /&gt;7) Öksürüğü yok iken öksürmeye çalışmak. (Elde olmayarak normal gelen öksürük namazı bozmaz.)8) Namazda bir iş yapmaya çalışmak.&lt;br /&gt;9) Bir şeye üflemek.&lt;br /&gt;10) Kur'an'ı, manası bozulacak şekilde yanlış okumak.&lt;br /&gt;11) Ayeti mushaf'a bakarak (yüzünden) okumak.&lt;br /&gt;12) Namazda abdesti bozulmak.&lt;br /&gt;13) Teyemmüm eden kimsenin namazda suyu görmesi, mesh müddetinin namazda bitmesi&lt;br /&gt;14) Sabah namazını kılarken güneşin doğması.&lt;br /&gt;15) Cemaatle namazda kadınlarla erkeklerin arada bir perde olmadan yanyana bir safta kılması.&lt;br /&gt;16) Namazda örtünmesi gereken yerlerin açılması ve bu açılmanın bir rükûn yapacak kadar süre devam etmesi.&lt;br /&gt;17) Bayılmak, çıldırmak...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Namazın Mekruhları&lt;br /&gt;1) Sıkışık abdestle namaz kılmak&lt;br /&gt;2) Namazda elbise veya bir başka yerle oynamak&lt;br /&gt;3) Namazda bir yere dayanmak&lt;br /&gt;4) Gerinmek veya esnemek&lt;br /&gt;5) Parmakları çıtlatmak&lt;br /&gt;6) Özürsüz bağdaş kurmak&lt;br /&gt;7) İnsan yüzüne karşı kılmak&lt;br /&gt;8) Başı açık kılmak&lt;br /&gt;9) Kıraatta, Kur'an-ı Kerimdeki sıraya uyulmaması. Bir sure atlamak&lt;br /&gt;10) Erkeklerin secde ederken kollarını tamamıyla yere döşemeleri&lt;br /&gt;11) Tek ayak üzerinde durmak veya bir ayağı yerden kesmek ve diğerine dayanmak&lt;br /&gt;12) Namazda daha selam vermeden terleri veya yüze dokunmuş olan toprakları silmek&lt;br /&gt;13) Namaz içinde, verilen selamı el veya baş işaretleriyle almak&lt;br /&gt;14) İkinci rekatta birinci rekata göre daha uzun okumak&lt;br /&gt;15) Yanmakta olan ateşe doğru namaz kılmak.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-3031661268336049835?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/3031661268336049835/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=3031661268336049835' title='1 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/3031661268336049835'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/3031661268336049835'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/namaz-ile-ilgili-bilgiler.html' title='Namaz İle İlgili Bilgiler'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-7326570120469894464</id><published>2008-01-04T05:34:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-04T05:34:37.498-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Teyemmüm İle İlgili Bilgiler</title><content type='html'>TEYEMMÜM&lt;br /&gt;    Kast etmek, yönelmek manasına gelen teyemmüm, şeriat dilinde su bulunmadığı veya bulunsa da kullanma gücü olmadığı zaman, temiz toprak cinsinden bir şeyle hadesi (abdest almak veya gusl gerektiren hal) gidermek amacıyla yapılan hareketleri dile getirir.&lt;br /&gt;    TEYEMMÜMÜ GEREKTİREN HALLER&lt;br /&gt;1- Su, temizlenecek kimsenin bulunduğu yerden en az dört bin adım, yani üç kilometre uzakta bulunursa,&lt;br /&gt;2- Suyun kullanılması durumunda hastalanma, hastalığın artması veya uzaması gibi tehlike mevcutsa,&lt;br /&gt;3- Yakında bulunan suyu elde etme hususunda nefse, mala, ırz ve namusa tehlike gelme hali varsa,&lt;br /&gt;4- Elde bulunan su, abdest veya gusle yetmeyecekse,&lt;br /&gt;5- Suyun kullanılması halinde kendisinin, arkadaşının veya hayvanının susuzluktan helak olacağına kanaat getirilirse,&lt;br /&gt;6- Kuyudan su çekmek için ip veya kova bulunmazsa,&lt;br /&gt;7- Bulunan su ile abdest alındığı veya gusul edildiği takdirde bayram veya cenaze namazlarını tamamen geçirme ihtimali varsa.&lt;br /&gt;    TEYEMMÜMÜN FARZLARI&lt;br /&gt;Niyet ve elleri toprağa vurup yüzü ve kolları mesh etmek farzdır.&lt;br /&gt;    TEYEMMÜMÜN SÜNNETLERİ&lt;br /&gt;1- Önce besmele çekmek.&lt;br /&gt;2- Uzuvları sırayla meshetmek.&lt;br /&gt;3- Mesih işlemini ara vermeden yapmak.&lt;br /&gt;4- Elleri yere vurduktan sonra önce ileri, sonra geri hareket ettirmek.&lt;br /&gt;5- Parmakları açık bulundurmak.&lt;br /&gt;6- Eller yerden kaldırıldığında avuç içlerinde toz kalmışsa birbirine vurarak silkelemek. &lt;br /&gt;    TEYEMMÜMÜ BOZAN HALLER &lt;br /&gt;1 - Abdesti bozan veya guslü gerektiren haller teyemmümü de bozar, hükümsüz bırakır. Teyemmümü mubah kılan özrün ortadan kalkmasıyla da teyemmüm bozulur. Mesela su bulunmadığından veya hastalıktan dolayı yapılmış olan bir teyemmüm, su bulunduğu veya hastalık geçtiği anda bozulur.&lt;br /&gt;2- Teyemmüm etmiş kimse, namaz içindeyken su bulursa, namazı bozulur. Abdest alıp namazı yeniden kılması gerekir.&lt;br /&gt;3- Bir özürden dolayı teyemmüm eden kimse, diğer bir özre tutulsa, birinci özrü son bulmasıyla teyemmümü de son bulur. Diğer özrü için tekrar teyemmüm etmesi gerekir.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-7326570120469894464?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/7326570120469894464/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=7326570120469894464' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/7326570120469894464'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/7326570120469894464'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/teyemmm-ile-ilgili-bilgiler.html' title='Teyemmüm İle İlgili Bilgiler'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-7730584208625043467</id><published>2008-01-04T05:33:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-04T05:34:18.954-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Gusül İle İlgili Bilgiler Boy Abdesti</title><content type='html'>GUSÜL (BOY ABDESTİ)&lt;br /&gt;    Gusül, tepeden tırnağa kadar vücudun her tarafını hiçbir yer kuru kalmayacak şekilde yıkamaktır. Erginlik çağına gelmiş her müslüman erkeğin ve kadının şu durumlarda boy abdesti alması gerekir.&lt;br /&gt;    1- Cünüplük; yani cinsi münasebet, ihtilam ve ne şekilde olursa olsun meninin (sperm) şehvetle vücut dışına çıkması.&lt;br /&gt;    2- Hayız (kadının adet görmesi) ve nifas (lohusalık) hallerinin sona ermesi.&lt;br /&gt;    Bu hallerde gusletmek farzdır. Bazı durumlarda da gusletmek, sünnet veya müstehabdır. Mesela; Hac ve Umre yapmak maksadıyla Mekke ve Medine'ye girmeden önce, hac mevsiminde Mina ve Müzdelife'de bulunmadan önce; yağmur duasından önce; herhangi bir hayırlı iş için müslümanlarla bir araya gelmeden ve mübarek gecelerde gusletmek sünnet ve müstehabdır.&lt;br /&gt;    Namaz için alınan abdest "küçük abdest" kabul edilerek, gusle "büyük abdest" veya "boy abdesti" adı verilmektedir.&lt;br /&gt;    GUSLÜN FARZLARI&lt;br /&gt;    Guslün farzları üçtür.&lt;br /&gt;1) Ağza su alıp boğaza kadar çalkalamak. &lt;br /&gt;2) Buruna su çekmek ve yıkamak. &lt;br /&gt;3) Tepeden tırnağa bütün vücudu yıkamak.&lt;br /&gt;    Vücut yıkanırken en ufak bir yerin kuru kalmamasına dikkat edilmelidir. Aksi taktirde gusül yerine gelmemiş olur. Onun için kulaklar, göbek çukuru, saç, sakal ve bıyıkların dipleri iyice yıkanır.&lt;br /&gt;    GUSLÜN SÜNNETLERİ&lt;br /&gt;1) Gusle besmele ve niyet ile başlamak. &lt;br /&gt;2) Avret yerini yıkamak ve bedenin herhangi bir yerinde pislik varsa onu temizlemek. &lt;br /&gt;3) Gusülden evvel abdest almak. &lt;br /&gt;4) Abdestten sonra, önce üç defa başa, sonra üç defa sağ, üç defa da sol omuza su dökerek her defasında bedeni iyice oğuşturmak. &lt;br /&gt;5) Guslederken çok fazla veya çok az su kullanmaktan kaçınmak. &lt;br /&gt;6) Kimsenin göremeyeceği bir yerde yıkanmak. &lt;br /&gt;7) Tenha bir yerde yıkanılsa bile, avret yerini açmamak. &lt;br /&gt;8) Guslederken konuşmamak. &lt;br /&gt;9) Gusl bitince bedeni bir havlu ile kurutmak &lt;br /&gt;10) Gusülden sonra çabucak giyinmektir.&lt;br /&gt;    GUSÜL ABDESTİ NASIL ALINIR?&lt;br /&gt;    Guslün adabı aynen abdest adabı gibidir. Gusletmek isteyen kimse önce besmele çökerek gusle niyet eder. Ellerini bileklerine kadar yıkar ve üzerinde yapışıp kurumuş bir şey varsa onları temizler. Sonra herhangi bir pislik olmasa bile avret yerlerini ve uyluklarını yıkar. Sonra sağ avucu ile ağzına bolca su alarak iyice çalkalar; bunu üç defa tekrar eder; oruçlu değilse suyun boğazına ulaşmasını sağlar. Sonra yine sağ eli ile burnuna üç defa su çekerek iyice temizler. Bundan sonra namaz abdesti gibi bir abdest alır. Şayet yıkandığı yere su toplanıyorsa, ayakları, abdest alırken değil gusülden çıkarken yıkar. Abdest aldıktan sonra, önce başına, sonra sırayla sağ ve sol omuzlarına üçer defa su döker. Her defasında vücudun her tarafını iyice oğuşturur. Hiçbir yerinin kuru kalmaması için dikkat eder. Bunun için saçlarının, sakallarının diplerine, göbeğinin içine suyun ulaşmasını sağlar. Eğer vücudunun bir yerinde, herhangi bir yaradan dolayı ilaç veya sargı varsa ve fazla su bunlara zarar verecekse, bunlann üzerinden suyu hafifçe geçirmekle yetinir; bu da zarar verirse sadece eliyle üzerini mesheder.&lt;br /&gt;    GUSÜLSÜZ YAPILMAYAN İŞLER&lt;br /&gt;    Cünüb bir kimsenin veya hayız ve nifas halindeki bir kadının bu durumdayken yapması haram olan hususlar, şunlardır:&lt;br /&gt;1 - Namaz kılmak &lt;br /&gt;2 - Kur'an niyetiyle Kur'an'dan bir parça okumak (ancak dua niyetiyle okumak caizdir. Ayrıca Kur'an ayetlerini çocuklara kelime kelime öğretmek, Kelime-i Şehadet getirmek, tesbih ve tekbirde bulunmakta da sakınca yoktur).&lt;br /&gt;3 - Kur'an-ı Kerîm'e ve onun en ufak bir parçasına dokunmak ya da tutmak (fakat bitişik olmayan bir kılıf veya kutu içerisinde ise tutmak caizdir)&lt;br /&gt;4 - Kabe-i Muazzamayı tavaf etmek ve zaruret olmadığı halde bir mescide girmek ve içinden geçmek &lt;br /&gt;5 - Üzerinde ayet yazılı olan bir levhayı veya buna benzer bir şeyi tutmak.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-7730584208625043467?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/7730584208625043467/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=7730584208625043467' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/7730584208625043467'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/7730584208625043467'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/gusl-ile-ilgili-bilgiler-boy-abdesti.html' title='Gusül İle İlgili Bilgiler Boy Abdesti'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-1117898919420170376</id><published>2008-01-04T05:33:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-04T05:33:39.748-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Abdest İle İlgili Bilgiler</title><content type='html'>ABDEST&lt;br /&gt;    Abdest, belli organları usulüne uygun olarak yıkamak ve meshetmek suretiyle yapılan bir temizliktir. &lt;br /&gt;    Abdest her şeyden önce her türlü pislik ve kirlilikten kurtulmak, yani maddî ve manevî bütün pislik ve mikroplardan uzak kalmak için İslam'ın emrettiği önemli bir ibadettir. Mikrobun en kolay ürediği yer ağızdır. Ağızdan başlayarak el, yüz ve ayakların günde beş defa temizlenmesi İslam'ın temizliğe verdiği önemi gösterir. Böylelikle İslam yüzyıllar önce temizliğin üzerinde durup insanoğlunu maddî-manevî her türlü pislik ve mikroptan korumayı hedeflemiştir. Bunun yanında abdest alan bir insan, kendini manen temiz ve rahat hisseder ve bu güzel his ve temiz duyguyla Allah'a ibadete durur. Bu da ruhun temizliğini sağlamaktadır. İnsanın yaratılış gayesi olan Allah'a kulluk böyle bir temizleme ameliyesi ile başlayınca insanoğluna vereceği zevk ve rahatlığın değeri sonsuzdur.&lt;br /&gt;İnsan abdestle bedenen ve manen temizlendikten sonra Allah'ın huzuruna çıkar. Böyle bir temizlenme ile günlük bütün yorgunlukları ve yükleri geride bırakır.&lt;br /&gt;    Abdest almakla, dünyevî ve uhrevî bir çok fazilet ve güzellikler elde edilir. Hz. Peygamber (s.a.s.) abdestle ilgili olarak şöyle buyururlar;&lt;br /&gt;    "Bir müslüman abdest alıp yüzünü yıkadığında, yüzündeki azaların işlediği bütün günahları; el ve ayaklarını yıkadığında el ve ayaklarıyla işlediği bütün hata ve günaları, su damlalarıyla beraber akıp gider ve kendiside tertemiz olur. Hatta kirpik ve tırnak diplerindeki günahlarından eser kalmaz. Adap ve erkanına uymak suretiyle abest alıp kıbleye dönerek: "Eşhedü en la ilahe illallahü vahdehu la şerike leh ve eşhedü enne Muhammeden abdühü ve Rasülühü" diyen bu kul için cennet kapıları açılmıştır; o, cennet kapılarının dilediğiden içeri girer. "(Müslim Tahare, 32, 33; Tirmi Tahare, 2).&lt;br /&gt;    Abdestsiz Olarak Yapılması Yasak Olan Hususlar:&lt;br /&gt;1- Namaz kılmak.&lt;br /&gt;2- Kur'an-ı Kerim'e el sürmek.&lt;br /&gt;3- Tilavet secdesi yapmak.&lt;br /&gt;4- Cenaze namazı kılmak.&lt;br /&gt;5- Kabe'yi tavaf etmek.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Abdestin Farzları &lt;br /&gt;1 - Yüzü Yıkamak &lt;br /&gt;    Yüzün bir defa yıkanması farzdır. Yüzün sınırları, saçın bittiği yerden sakal veya çene altına, kulakların köklerine kadar olan bölümdür. Gözlerin içine suyun ulaştırılması gerekmez. Ancak abdest alırken gözler sıkılmaz, tamamen açık bırakılmaz. Normal bir şekilde yüz yıkanır. Dudaklar yumulduğu zaman, dışarda kalan kısımlar yüzün sınırlarıdır. Sakal, bıyık ve kaşın altına suyu ulaştırmak gereklidir. &lt;br /&gt;2- Kolları Yıkamak&lt;br /&gt;    Parmak uçlarından kol dirseklerine kadar -dirsekler de dahil- olan kısmı bir defa yıkamak farzdır. Eğer iğne ucu kadar kuru bir yer kalırsa veya tırnağının altına suyu geçirmeyecek (hamur, boya, çamur vb.) bir madde bulunursa, abdest alınmış sayılmaz. Ancak boyacıların tırnaklarındaki boyalardan kaçınmanın mümkün olmamasından dolayı bunlar abdeste zarar vermez. Tırnaklar parmak uçlarından dışarı taşacak kadar uzamış olursa o fazlalığı da yıkamak gerekir. Bir kimse abdest aldıktan sonra bu uzamış tırnağı keserse abdestini yenilemesi gerekmez. Parmakta yüzük var ve bu geniş ise abdest alırken bunu oynatmak sünnet, eğer yüzük dar ve altına su geçirmeyecek kadar parmağa oturmuşsa onu oynatmak farzdır.&lt;br /&gt;3- Başı Meshetmek&lt;br /&gt;    Mesh, sözlükte eli bir şeyin üzerinden geçirmek demektir. İbadet hukukunda ise suyun bir vücut organına isabet etmesidir. Başın meshedilmesindeki farz oranı alın miktarıdır. Bu miktar ise başın dörtte biridir. Meshederken üç veya daha fazla parmağı kullanmak gerekir. İki parmakla yapılan mesh caiz değildir. Başa giyilen sarık veya takke üzerine meshetmek geçerli değildir. Kadınlar da baş örtüleri üzerine meshedemezler.&lt;br /&gt;4- Ayakları Yıkamak&lt;br /&gt;    Sağlam ve çıplak ayakları topuklarıyla birlikte bir defa yıkamak farzdır. Yaralı veya mestle örtülü ayakları yıkamaya gerek olmayıp sadece meshetmek yeterlidir. Maide Süresi 6. ayette geçen topuk topuk= ka'b, ayağın iki tarafından inak kemiğine bitişik kemiktir. Rasulullah (s.a.s.): "Vay ateşten o topukların haline... " (Buhari, İlim 30; Vudü', 27,29; Müslim, Tahare, 25-28,30; Ebû Davud, Tahare, 46) buyurduğu ve ayakların tamamen yıkanmasını emrettiği bilinmektedir. Bir kimsenin ayağında yarık varsa ve o yarığa su sızdırmayan bir ilaç sürülmüşse, o kimse ayağını yıkadığı zaman, su yarığın altına geçmezse bu durumda su, ayağa zarar verecekse abdest yerine getirilmiş sayılır ve bu caizdir. Ancak su zarar vermiyorsa abdest tam olarak alınmış sayılmaz. Dolayısıyla zarar vermediği takdirde yarıklara su ulaşacak şekilde yıkamak gereklidir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    ABDESTİN SÜNNETLERİ&lt;br /&gt; 1- Abdeste başlarken "Euzu ve Besmele" çekmek.&lt;br /&gt; 2- Abdeste niyet etmek.&lt;br /&gt; 3- Önce bileklere kadar elleri yıkamak.&lt;br /&gt; 4- Misvak kullanmak veya dişleri parmakla ovalamak.&lt;br /&gt; 5- Ağıza ve burna üçer defa su vermek. (mazmaza ve istinşak)&lt;br /&gt; 6- Kulakları, boynu mesh etmek.&lt;br /&gt; 7- Başın tamamını mesh etmek.&lt;br /&gt; 8 - Yıkanması gereken uzuvları üçer defa yıkamak.&lt;br /&gt; 9- Abdeste organları ara vermeden yıkayarak devam etmek.&lt;br /&gt;10- Sırayı bozmamak.&lt;br /&gt;11- Abdest almaya sağ taraftan başlamak&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    ABDESTİN EDEBLERİ&lt;br /&gt;1- Abdest alırken başkasından yardım istememek.&lt;br /&gt;2- Abdest alırken suyun sıçramaması için dikkatli davranmak.&lt;br /&gt;3- Kıbleye doğru yönelmek.&lt;br /&gt;4- Gereksiz yere konuşmamak.&lt;br /&gt;5- Niyet ederken dil ile niyet etmek.&lt;br /&gt;6- Her uzvu iyice ovmak.&lt;br /&gt;7- Abdest dualarını okumak.&lt;br /&gt;8- Kullanılmış su ile abdest almamaya dikkat etmek.&lt;br /&gt;9- Her uzvu yıkarken niyeti korumakla birlikte "Bismillah" demek.&lt;br /&gt;10- Kulağı meshederken serçe parmaklarının uçlarıyla kulak deliklerini meshetmek.&lt;br /&gt;11- Burna ve ağıza suyu alırken sağ eli kullanmak.&lt;br /&gt;12- Sol el ile sümkürmek.&lt;br /&gt;13- Özür sahibi olmayan kimsenin namaz vaktinden önce abdest alması.&lt;br /&gt;14- Abdest bittikten sonra kıbleye karşı ayakta kelime-i şehadet getirmek ve dua yapmak, biraz su içmek.&lt;br /&gt;15- Durgun ve akarak yer değiştiren sular ile birikinti halindeki sulara ve Kıble'ye karşı abdest bozulmaz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    ABDESTİ BOZAN DURUMLAR&lt;br /&gt;   1- İdrar veya dışkı yollarından yani ön ve arkadan herhangi bir şeyin çıkması. (İdrar, dışkı, yel, vedi, mezi, meni, kurt vb.)&lt;br /&gt;    2- Aklın idrak gücünü gideren hususlar; uyumak, bayılmak, delirmek, sarhoş olmak vs.dir. Ancak oturduğu yerde kıpırdamadan uyuyan kimsenin abdesti bozulmaz.&lt;br /&gt;    3- Vücudun herhangi bir yerinden kan, irin veya sarı su çıkması ve etrafına yayılması. Ağızdan akan kana bakılır, şayet bu kan tükrük kadar veya tükrükten fazla ise abdesti bozulur.&lt;br /&gt;    4- Ağız dolusu kusmak.&lt;br /&gt;    5- Cinsi münasebette bulunmak.&lt;br /&gt;    6- Tam olarak cinsi ilişki olmasa bile kadın ve erkeğin çıplak ve ince bir elbise ile vucutlarının veya tenasül uzuvlarının birbirine değmesi.&lt;br /&gt;    7- Teyemmüm yapan kimsenin su bulması.&lt;br /&gt;    8- Namazda sesli gülmek. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   ABDESTİ BOZMAYAN DURUMLAR&lt;br /&gt;    1- Kişinin ön veya arka yollarından başka vücudunun herhangi bir yerinden kan çıkıp, bir damla halinde kalması.&lt;br /&gt;    2- Kabuk bağlamış bir yaranın kan çıkmadan kabuğunun düşmesi.&lt;br /&gt;    3- Yaradan, burundan yahut kulaktan bir vücud kurdunun düşmesi.&lt;br /&gt;    4- Tenasül uzvuna (cinsi organına) el sürmek.&lt;br /&gt;    5- Kadın vücudunun herhangi bir yerine dokunmak.&lt;br /&gt;    6- Ağız dolusu olmayan kusuntu.&lt;br /&gt;    7- Ağızdan çıkan balgam.&lt;br /&gt;    8- Oturduğu yerde veya namazda uyumak.&lt;br /&gt;    9- Ağlamak.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-1117898919420170376?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/1117898919420170376/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=1117898919420170376' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/1117898919420170376'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/1117898919420170376'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/abdest-ile-ilgili-bilgiler.html' title='Abdest İle İlgili Bilgiler'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-8198902802889856339</id><published>2008-01-04T05:32:00.004-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-04T05:33:11.850-08:00</updated><title type='text'>İbadet. Niçin İbadet Ediyoruz ?</title><content type='html'>İBADET&lt;br /&gt;    İbadet, Allah'a tâzim ve saygı göstermek ve O'nun verdiği nimetlere karşı şükran borcunu yerine getirmektir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Niçin İbadet Ediyoruz&lt;br /&gt;    Bizi yoktan var eden ve yaşatan Allah'tır. Yüce Allah; Vücudumuzu, gören gözler, işiten kulaklar ve konuşan dil gibi mükemmel organlarla donattı. Diğer canlılardan farklı olarak bize akıl verdi ve varlıklar arasında seçkin bir duruma yükseltti. Bunlardan başka, yaşayabilmemiz için teneffüs ettiğimiz havadan, içtiğimiz suya kadar sayısız nimetler verdi.&lt;br /&gt;    Ayrıca bizi yalnız bırakmadı, Peygamberler ve kitaplar göndererek dünyada ve ahirette mutlu olmanın yollarını gösterdi. Bütün bu iyiliklere karşılık Allah bizden kendisini tanımamızı ve ona ibadet etmemizi istemektedir. Şöyle bir düşünelim: Çok iyiliğini gördüğümüz bir büyüğümüze karşı saygı gösterir iyiliklerine teşekkür ederiz. Bize bir görev verse seve seve yaparız değil mi?&lt;br /&gt;    Öyle ise, bizi yoktan var eden ve sayılamayacak kadar nimetler veren Yüce Allah'a karşı teşekkür etmek ve emrettiği ibadetleri seve seve yapmak gerekmez mi?&lt;br /&gt;    Elbette gerekir.&lt;br /&gt;    Yaradılışımızın gayesi Allah'ı tanımak ve ona ibadet etmektir. İbadet görevlerini yaptığımız takdirde hem Allah'ın verdiği nimetlere karşı teşekkür borcunu yerine getirmiş oluruz, hem de O'nun sevgisini kazanırız. Eğer biz Allah'a karşı ibadet vazifelerini yerine getirir, O'nun sevgisini kazanırsak, Allah, bize dünyadaki nimetlerinden çok daha fazlasını ahirette verecek ve bizi cennette sonsuz mutluluğa kavuşturacaktır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    İbadet Çeşitleri&lt;br /&gt;    İbadetler üç çeşittir:&lt;br /&gt;   1– Beden ile Yapılan İbadetler: Namaz kılmak, oruç tutmak gibi.&lt;br /&gt;    Beden ile yapılan ibadetleri her müslümanın kendisi yapması gerekir. Başkasını vekil etmesi caiz değildir. Bir kimse başkasının yerine namaz kılamaz, oruç tutamaz.&lt;br /&gt;   2– Mal İle Yapılan İbadetler: Zekât vermek ve kurban kesmek gibi. Bir kimse mal ile yapılan ibadetlerde başkasını vekil edebilir.&lt;br /&gt;   3– Hem Mal, Hem de Beden İle Yapılan İbadet: Hac vazifesi böyle bir ibadettir. Parası olduğu halde hacca gidemiyecek derecede sakat, hasta ve çok yaşlı kimseler, kendi yerine bir başkasını bedel olarak hacca gönderebilir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    İbadetin Faydaları&lt;br /&gt;    Bedenimizin gerekli gıdalara ihtiyacı olduğu gibi rûhumuzun da gıdaya ihtiyacı vardır. Rûhun gıdası iman ve ibadetlerdir. İbadet, rûhumuzu yükseltir, bizi kötülüklerden sakındırır, ahlâkımızı olgunlaştırır, en değerli varlığımız olan imanımızı korur.&lt;br /&gt;    Hayatta insanın çeşitli sıkıntılarla karşılaşıp ümitsizliğe ve bunalıma düştüğü zamanlar olur. Böyle durumlarda insan ibadetle bunalımdan kurtulur. Çünkü insan ibadet sayesinde Allah'a yaklaşır. O'nun rahmetine sığınır ve huzura kavuşur. İbadetlerin, rûhumuza olduğu gibi bedenimize de birçok faydası vardır.&lt;br /&gt;    Namaz kılan insan abdest almak zorundadır. Abdest almak, günde birkaç defa temizlenmek demektir. Temizliğin ise sağlığımız için ne kadar yararlı olduğunu hepimiz biliriz.&lt;br /&gt;    Namaz kılarken yapılan belirli hareketlerin, oruçta sindirim sistemi ile bazı organların dinlenmesinin vücut sağlığına önemli faydalar sağladığı bir gerçektir. Zekât ibadetinin sosyal yardımlaşma yönünden topluma kazandırdığı birçok yararları vardır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    İman İle İbadet Arasındaki İlişki&lt;br /&gt;    Bir müslüman, dinin hükümlerini inkâr etmedikçe ve kalbinde iman bulunduğu sürece ibadet yapmasa bile dinden çıkmaz, kafir olmaz, yine müslümandır. Ancak, Allah'ın emri olan ibadet görevlerini yerine getirmediği için günah işlemiş ve cezayı hak etmiş olur.&lt;br /&gt;    İbadetler, imanın olgunlaşmasını ve güçlenmesini sağlar. Ahirette cezadan kurtulmamıza ve cennet nimetlerine kavuşmamıza vesile olur. Sade bir imanla yetinip ibadetleri terketmek imanın zayıflamasına ve giderek iman nurunun sönmesine sebep olur.&lt;br /&gt;    İbadet yapılmadığı takdirde, iman ışığı açıkta yanan lamba gibi korumasız kalır. Günün birinde sönebilir. İmanın yok olması, müslümanın cennetin anahtarını kaybetmesi demektir. Bu sebeple ibadetlerin, imanımızın korunmasında ve cennette sonsuz hayata kavuşmamızda çok önemli yeri vardır.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-8198902802889856339?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/8198902802889856339/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=8198902802889856339' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/8198902802889856339'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/8198902802889856339'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/ibadet-niin-ibadet-ediyoruz.html' title='İbadet. Niçin İbadet Ediyoruz ?'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-7348726839061241181</id><published>2008-01-04T05:32:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-04T05:32:44.226-08:00</updated><title type='text'>İslam ve Mükellef</title><content type='html'>İSLAM VE İSLAM'IN ŞARTLARI&lt;br /&gt;    İslam, Hz. Muhammed (s.a.v.)'in Allah'tan aldığı kesin olarak bilinen dini emir ve yasakları kalb ile doğrulayıp, bu emir ve yasakların gereği olan iş ve davranışları yapmaktır.&lt;br /&gt;    İslam'ın şartları beştir:&lt;br /&gt;    1. Allah'tan başka hiç bir ilah olmadığını, Muhammed (s.a.v.)'in Allah'ın kulu ve elçisi olduğunu kesin surette bilmek ve bunan inanmak. (Kelime-i Şehadet getirmek. - İman nedir? Nasıl İman Edilir? bölümüne bakınız!- )&lt;br /&gt;    2. Namaz kılmak.&lt;br /&gt;    3. Ramazan orucunu tutmak.&lt;br /&gt;    4. Zekat vermek.&lt;br /&gt;    5. Haccetmek.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   MÜKELLEF&lt;br /&gt;   Mükellef Kime Denir?&lt;br /&gt;    Erginlik çağına gelen akıllı insanlara mükellef denir.&lt;br /&gt;    Mükellef, dinin emirlerini yapmak ve yasaklarından sakınmakla sorumludur. Mükellef sayılmak için insanda iki şartın bulunması gerekir;&lt;br /&gt;    1– Akıllı olmak,&lt;br /&gt;    2– Erginlik çağına gelmek.&lt;br /&gt;    Akıllı olmayan deliler ile erginlik çağına gelmemiş çocuklar mükellef değildirler.&lt;br /&gt;    Erginlik (büluğ) çağı, çocukların vücut yapılarına ve iklim şartlarına göre değişir. Erginlik erkek çocuklarında oniki ile onbeş, kız çocuklarında dokuz ile onbeş yaşları arasında olur. Onbeş yaşını bitirdiği halde kendisinde erginlik belirtileri görülmeyen çocuklar erkek olsun, kız olsun erginlik çağına gelmiş sayılır ve dinin emir ve yasaklarına uymakla sorumlu olurlar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mükellefle İlgili Hükümler&lt;br /&gt;Mükellefle ilgili hükümler sekizdir. Bunlara "Ef'al-i Mükellefin" denir:&lt;br /&gt;   1) Farz:&lt;br /&gt;    Dinimizce, yapılması kesinlikle emredilen şeye farz denir. Namaz kılmak, oruç tutmak ve zekât vermek gibi.&lt;br /&gt;Farzın Hükmü: Farz olan görevleri yapan, karşılığında sevab kazanır. Özürsüz olarak yapmayan azabı hak etmiş olur. Farzı inkâr eden dinden çıkar.&lt;br /&gt;   Farz İki Çeşittir:&lt;br /&gt;a) Farz-ı Ayın: Her mükellefin yapması gereken farz demektir. Beş vakit namaz kılmak gibi.&lt;br /&gt;b) Farz-ı Kifaye: Bazı mükelleflerin yapması ile diğerlerinin yapması gerekmeyen farz demektir. Cenaze namazı kılmak gibi. Bazı müslümanlar bir ölünün cenaze namazını kılarsa farz olan görev yerine getirildiğinden, diğer müslümanların ayrıca o ölü için cenaze namazı kılmaları gerekmez.&lt;br /&gt;   2) Vacib:&lt;br /&gt;    Farz kadar kesin olmamakla beraber kuvvetli bir delil ile yapılması emredilen şeye vacib denir. Bayram namazı kılmak, fıtır sadakası vermek ve kurban kesmek gibi.&lt;br /&gt;Vacibin Hükmü: Vacipleri yapan sevab kazanır. Özürsüz olarak yapmayana azap gerekir.&lt;br /&gt;   3) Sünnet:&lt;br /&gt;    Farz ve vacipten başka Peygamberimizin ibadet niyetiyle yaptığı şeye sünnet denir.&lt;br /&gt;    Sünnet İkiye Ayrılır:&lt;br /&gt;a) Sünnet-i Müekkede: Peygamberimizin çoğu zaman yaptığı, pek az terkettiği sünnete Sünnet-i Müekkede denir. Sabah, öğle ve akşam namazlarının sünnetleri gibi.&lt;br /&gt;b) Sünnet-i Gayri Müekkede: Peygamberimizin ara sıra yaptığı sünnete Sünnet-i Gayri Müekkede denir. İkindi namazının sünneti ile yatsının ilk sünneti gibi.&lt;br /&gt;Sünnetin Hükmü: Sünnetleri yapan sevab kazanır. Peygamberimizin şefaatine nâil olur. Sünneti bile bile terk edenler azarlanır.&lt;br /&gt;   4) Müstehab:&lt;br /&gt;    Peygamberimizin bazen yapıp, bazen de yapmadığı şeye Müstehab denir. Kuşluk namazı kılmak gibi.&lt;br /&gt;Müstehabın Hükmü: Müstehab olan şeyleri yapan sevab kazanır, yapmayan azarlanmaz.&lt;br /&gt;   5) Mübah:&lt;br /&gt;    Mükellefin yapıp yapmamakta serbest olduğu şeylere mübah denir. Oturmak, yürümek ve uyumak gibi.&lt;br /&gt;Mübah'ın Hükmü: Mübah'ı yapan sevap kazanmaz, yapmayan da günah işlemiş olmaz.&lt;br /&gt;   6) Haram:&lt;br /&gt;    Dinimizce yapılması kesin olarak yasaklanan şeye Haram denir. Haksız yere adam öldürmek, hırsızlık yapmak, içki içmek, kumar oynamak, domuz eti yemek, anne ve babaya karşı gelmek gibi.&lt;br /&gt;Haramın Hükmü: Haramı işleyen kimse ceza ve azabı hak etmiş olur. Allah korkusundan dolayı haramdan kaçınan sevab kazanır. Haramı inkâr eden dinden çıkar.&lt;br /&gt;   7) Mekruh:&lt;br /&gt;    Haram kadar kesin olmamakla beraber, dinimizce yapılmaması istenen şeye mekruh denir.&lt;br /&gt;   Mekruh İkiye Ayrılır:&lt;br /&gt;a) Kerahet-i Tahrimiyye=Harama Yakın Mekruh: Vacipleri yerine getirmemek gibi.&lt;br /&gt;Hükmü: Böyle bir mekruhu işlemekten sakınan sevab kazanır. Yapan günah işlemiş olur.&lt;br /&gt;b) Kerahet-i Tenzihiyye=Helâla Yakın Mekruh: Sünnet ve müstehapları yapmamak gibi.&lt;br /&gt;Hükmü: Bu gibi mekruhlardan sakınanlar sevab kazanır, işleyenlere ceza gerekmez.&lt;br /&gt;   8) Müfsid:&lt;br /&gt;    Başlanmış olan bir ibadeti bozan şeylere denir. Namaz kılarken konuşmak, oruçlu iken bilerek yiyip içmek gibi. Konuşmak namazı,yiyip içmek de orucu bozar.&lt;br /&gt;Hükmü: Özürsüz olarak ve bile bile ibadeti bozmak azabı gerektirir.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-7348726839061241181?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/7348726839061241181/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=7348726839061241181' title='1 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/7348726839061241181'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/7348726839061241181'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/islam-ve-mkellef.html' title='İslam ve Mükellef'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-8328340781533501881</id><published>2008-01-04T05:32:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-04T05:32:17.330-08:00</updated><title type='text'>İman Nedir, Nasıl İman Ederiz ?</title><content type='html'>İman Nedir, Nasıl İman Ederiz? &lt;br /&gt;    İman'ın kelime anlamı, herhangi bir şeye inanmak demektir. Dindeki anlamı ise; Peygamberimiz Hz. Muhammed (s.a.v.)'in Cebrail adındaki melek aracılığı ile Allah'tan aldığı bilgilerin doğruluğuna kesin bir imanla inanmaktır. İman iki şekilde olur: Birincisi iman edilecek konulara kısaca ve topluca inanmaktır. Böyle bir inanca "Toptan İman" denir. Kelime-i Tevhid sözünü veya Kelime-i Şehadet'i dili ile söyleyip kalbiyle doğrulayan kimse, kısaca ve toptan iman etmiş olur. Bu şekilde bir imana sahip olan kimseye "MÜ'MİN" denir.&lt;br /&gt;    Kelime–i Tevhid&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Okunuşu: "Lâ ilâhe İllellâh, Muhammedün Rasûlüllah." &lt;br /&gt;Anlamı: "Allah'tan başka tanrı yoktur. Hazreti Muhammed (s.a.s.) Allah'ın Peygamberidir."&lt;br /&gt;    Kelime-i Şehadet&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Okunuşu: "Eşhedu en lâ ilâhe illellâh ve eşhedü enne Muhammeden abdühü ve Rasûlüh." &lt;br /&gt;Anlamı: "Ben şahitlik ederim ki, Allah'tan başka Tanrı yoktur. Yine şahitlik ederim ki Hazreti Muhammed (s.a.s.) Allah'ın kulu ve Peygamberidir." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    İkinci şekilde iman, inanılacak şeylere ayrı ayrı, teker teker, her bir iman konusunda geniş bilgi sahibi olarak yapılan imandır. Buna "Tafsili İman = Geniş Bir Şekilde İman" denir.&lt;br /&gt;    Buna göre; Allah'a, meleklerine, kitablarına, peygamberlerine, ahiret gününe, kaza ve kadere ayrı ayrı inanmak gerekir. İmanın bu altı esası "Amentû" cümlesi ile özetlenmiştir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    İman'ın Esasları Nelerdir &lt;br /&gt;    Ayrıntılı olarak inanılması gereken iman esasları altıdır. Bunlara iman'ın şartları da denir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    İman'ın Şartları &lt;br /&gt;    1– Allah'a, &lt;br /&gt;    2– Allah'ın Meleklerine, &lt;br /&gt;    3– Allah'ın Kitaplarına, &lt;br /&gt;    4– Allah'ın Peygamberlerine, &lt;br /&gt;    5– Ahiret Gününe, &lt;br /&gt;    6– Kadere; İster iyi, ister kötü olsun, evrendeki her şeyin ve her olayın Allah'ın bilmesi, dilemesi ve yaratmasıyla meydana geldiğine, inanmaktır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    İmanın Çeşitleri&lt;br /&gt;    İslam dinine göre; insanlar iman yönünden üç kısımdır.&lt;br /&gt;    MÜ'MİN : İman esaslarına İslam dininin öğrettiği şekilde inanan kimselere "Mü'min" denir.&lt;br /&gt;    KAFİR : İslam dininin öğrettiği iman esaslarını reddeden, kabul etmeyen kimselere "Kafir" denir.&lt;br /&gt;    MÜNAFIK : İslam dininin öğrettiği iman esaslarına inandığını sözleriyle söyleyerek "Mü'min" gibi, inanmış gibi göründüğü halde gerçekten, içten ve samimi olarak inanmayan, içi dışına uymayan kimselere "Münafık" denir.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-8328340781533501881?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/8328340781533501881/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=8328340781533501881' title='1 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/8328340781533501881'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/8328340781533501881'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/iman-nedir-nasl-iman-ederiz.html' title='İman Nedir, Nasıl İman Ederiz ?'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-554898710687886562</id><published>2008-01-04T05:31:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-04T05:31:43.909-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Din Nedir ?</title><content type='html'>DİN&lt;br /&gt;    Din Nedir? &lt;br /&gt;    Din: Allah tarafından peygamberler aracılığı ile insanlara ulaştırılan ilahi bir kanundur. Dinin kurucusu Allah, muhatabı insanlardır.&lt;br /&gt;    Dinin amacı, insanları iyi ile kötüyü, doğru ile yanlışı, güzel ile çirkini bildirmektir, onları dünya ve ahiret mutluluğuna kavuşturmaktır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    İslâm Dini ve Diğer Dinler &lt;br /&gt;    İlk insan olan Hz. Adem (a.s.) aynı zamanda ilk peygamberdir. İnsanlığın ilk dini de Hak din'dir. Hz. Adem'den Peygamberimiz Hz. Muhammed'e kadar gelen bütün peygamberler insanlara Allah'ın birliği inancını tebliğ etmişler ve Allah'a nasıl ibadet edileceğini öğretmişlerdir. &lt;br /&gt;    Ancak son peygamber Hz. Muhammed'den önceki peygamberlerin tebliğ ettiği iman esasları ve dinî hükümler zamanla bozulmuş ve insanlar karanlıklar içinde kalmıştı. İnsanlığı düştüğü bu durumdan aydınlığa çıkaracak bir kurtarıcıya ihtiyaç vardı. Bunun üzerine Yüce Allah, son Peygamber Hz. Muhammed (s.a.s.) aracılığı ile bütün insanlara son ve en mükemmel din olan İslâm'ı göndermiştir. &lt;br /&gt;Bu gerçek Yüce Allah tarafından Kur'an-ı Kerim'de şöyle bildirilmiştir: "Allah katında din, şüphesiz İslâmdır." (Al-i İmran Suresi, 19) &lt;br /&gt;    İslam'ın dışındaki dinler, Allah katında makbul değildir. Bunların insanlara bir yararı olmayacaktır. Bu konu Kur'an-ı Kerim'de şöyle açıklanmıştır: "Kim İslâm'dan başka bir din ararsa ondan asla kabul edilmeyecektir. O, ahirette de zarara uğrayanlardandır." (Al-i İmran Suresi, 85) &lt;br /&gt;    İslâm Dini, Allah tarafından gönderildiği gibi hiçbir değişikliğe uğramadan ve bozulmadan günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Bundan sonra da bu özelliğini koruyacaktır. İslâm, Allah katında makbul olan tek dindir. Bazı insanlar tarafından ortaya konulan dinler de vardır, ancak bu dinler, batıl ve geçersizdir. Çünkü bunlar, Allah tarafından gönderilmemiş, insanlar tarafından uydurulmuştur. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    İslâm Dini'nin Özellikleri &lt;br /&gt;    1) Hz. Muhammed tarafından tebliğ edilen İslâm, son dindir. Ondan başka din gelmeyecek, hükümleri kıyamete kadar devam edecektir. &lt;br /&gt;    2) İslâm evrensel bir dindir. Önceki peygamberlerin tebliğ ettikleri dinler, belirli milletlere geldiği halde İslâm dini, bütün dünya milletlerine gönderilmiştir. &lt;br /&gt;    3) İslâm dini'nin hükümleri insanların ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak şekilde mükemmeldir. Bu sebeple başka bir dine ihtiyaç kalmamıştır. &lt;br /&gt;    4) İslâm dini, kendinden önce Allah tarafından gönderilen peygamberleri ve ilâhi kitapları tasdik eder. Ancak o kitapların hükümlerini yürürlükten kaldırmıştır. Çünkü onlar, belirli milletlere sınırlı zamanlar için gönderilmişti. İslâm Dini ise bütün milletlere gönderilen ve kıyamete kadar değişmeden devam edecek olan Din'dir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   İslam Dininin Kaynakları&lt;br /&gt;    İslam dininin ilk, en önemli ve birinci kaynağı "Kur'an-ı Kerim"'dir. Dini bir konu öncelikle Kur'an-ı Kerim'de aranır.&lt;br /&gt;    İkinci kaynağımız, Peygamberimizin sünnetini oluşturan sözleri ve davranışlarıdır. Kur'an-ı Kerim'den sonra ikinci önemli dini kaynağımız "sünnet"tir.&lt;br /&gt;    Üçüncü dini kaynağımız Peygamberimizden sonra herhangi bir çağda yaşayan İslam bilginlerinin kendi zamanlarında dini bir konuda görüş birliğine varmış olmalarıdır. Buna "İcma" denir.&lt;br /&gt;    Dördüncü kaynağımız "Kıyas"tır. Kıyas, belirttiğimiz üç kaynakta hüküm bulunmayan bir dini hükmü başka bir dini hükme benzeterek, benzetme yolu ile sonuca varmaktır.&lt;br /&gt;    O halde; dinimizin dört ana kaynağı vardır: KUR'AN, SÜNNET, İCMA ve KIYAS. Bunlardan birine dayanmayan dini görüşlere değer verilmez, güvenilmez ve bu tür dini görüşlere göre hareket edilmez.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-554898710687886562?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/554898710687886562/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=554898710687886562' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/554898710687886562'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/554898710687886562'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/din-nedir.html' title='Din Nedir ?'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-8768577937243311463</id><published>2008-01-04T05:30:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-04T05:30:54.224-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Mutluluk Yolu islam</title><content type='html'>MUTLULUK YOLU İSLAM&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Yaratıklar arasında en saçkin yere sahip olan, akıl, fikir gibi üstün yeteneklerle donatılan insanın ortak özelliklerinden birisi de mutlu olma arzusudur. Her insan bu arzusuna ulaşmak maksadıyla çalışır, bugünden çok yarınını düşünür ve bunun için hazırlık yapar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İnsan beden ve ruhun birleşmesinden meydana gelen bir varlıktır. Bu sebeple İslam Dini, insanın hem maddi, hem de manevi ihtiyaçlarını dikkate almış, ferdin mutluluğu için gerekli prensipleri getirdiği gibi, toplumun huzur ve mutluluğu için de bir takım kurallar koymuş, fertlerin karşılıklı hak ve görevlerini belirlemiştir. &lt;br /&gt;İslam, son ve en mükemmel dindir. Onu insanlığa tebliğ eden Hz. Muhammet (A.S.), peygamberlerin sonuncusudur. İslam dini'nin temel kitabı Kur'an-ı Kerim, Yüce Allah (c.c.)'ın Hz. Muhammed (A.S.) vasıtasıyla insanlığa gönderdiği son mesajıdır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İSLAM'IN GAYESİ &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İslam'ın getirdiği hükümlerin ve koyduğu prensiplerin amacı; insanı ahlaken olgunlaştırarak dünyada huzur ve mutluluğa, ölümden sonra devam edecek olan ahirette ebedi saadete kavuşturmaktır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Bu prensipler. Her çağda insanların ihtiyaçlarına cevap verecek şekilde mükemmel olup, daima geçerliliğini koruyacak ve değişmeyecektir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Yüce Allah (c.c.) şöyle buyuruyor; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     "Allah katında din, şüphesiz İslam'dir." (Al-i İmran Suresi, ayet; 19) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İSLAM'IN TEMEL PRENSİPLERİ &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İslam Dini'nin getirdiği hükümleri ve temel prensipleri kısaca üç maddede toplayabiliriz: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İman İbadet Ahlak. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İMAN &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Maddi varlığımız olan bedenimizin gıdaya ihtiyacı olduğu gibi, manevi varlığımız olan ruhumuzun da gıdaya ihtiyacı vardır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Ruhun en önemli gıdası; sağlam inançtır. İnsan, inancı sayesinde manevi bakımdan büyük güç kazanır ve huzura kavuşur. Her türlü iyiliğin kaynağı İslam'ın inanç esasları, insanda sorumluluk duygusunu geliştirerek, hareketlerini olumlu yönde etkiler; davranışlarını iyileştirip ahlaken olgunlaşmasını sağlar. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İmanın iki mühim temeli: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     1) Allah (c.c.) birdir, O'ndan başka Tanrı yoktur. &lt;br /&gt;     2) Hz. Muhammed (A.S.) Allah'ın Peygamberidir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     ALLAH (c.c.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İslam dininde Allah (c.c.)'ın birliği inancı en önemli esastır. Allah (c.c.) yaratıklardan hiç birine benzemeyen yüce bir varlıktır. Ezeli ve ebedidir, varlığı kendindendir. Doğmamış, doğurmamıştır. Her türlü noksanlıklardan uzaktır, sonsuz kudret sahibidir, her şeyi bilir, işitir ve görür. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     PEYGAMBERLER &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Peygamberler, Allah (c.c.) ile insanlar arasında elçidirler. Allah (c.c.) bu göreve en layık olan kullarını seçmiştir. Yüce Allah (c.c.) insanlara yol gösterici olarak zaman zaman Peygamberler göndermiş, onların vasıtasıyla emirlerini ve yasaklarını duyurmuştur. Hz. Muhammed (A.S.), Yüce Allah (c.c.) 'ın insanlar arasından seçip gönderdiği son peygamberdir. O, bütün insanlığa gönderilmiştir. Bütün iyi huyları ve faziletleri kendisinde toplayan en güzel örnektir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İMANIN TEMEL ESASLARI &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İman esasları ayrıntılı olarak altı madde halinde sıralanır. &lt;br /&gt;     Bunlar: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     1) Allah'ın varlığına ve birliğine, &lt;br /&gt;     2) Allah'ın meleklerine, &lt;br /&gt;     3) Allah'ın kitaplarına, &lt;br /&gt;     4) Allah'ın peygamberlerine, &lt;br /&gt;     5) Ahiret gününe, &lt;br /&gt;     6) Kadere, her şeyin Allah'ın takdiri ile olduğuna, &lt;br /&gt;     İnanmaktır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İBADET &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İbadet, Yüce Yaratıcı'ya ta'zim ve saygı göstermek ve O'nun bize verdiği sayısız nimetlere karşı şükran borcunu yerine getirmektir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İbadet, yalnız allah (c.c.)'ın emrini yerine getirmek ve O'nun sevgisini kazanmak maksadıyla yapılır. Böyle temiz bir düşünce ile yapılan ibadet, mü'mini Allah (c.c.)'a yaklaştıran en güzel vasıta; sıkıntılardan koruyan en sağlam sığınaktır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İbadet Allah (c.c.)'ın emrettiği. Peygamberlerin öğrettiği şekilde yapılır. Allah (c.c.)'tan başkasına ibadet yapılmaz. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Mü'min, ibadet sayesinde maddi ihtiraslardan kurtularak, ruhen yükselir, içi kötü düşüncelerden, dışı olumsuz davranışlardan arınarak ahlaken olgunlaşır ve Tanrı'nın sevgili kulu olur. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Rabbimiz şöyle buyuruyor: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     "Ey insanlar ! Sizi de, sizden öncekileri de yaratan Rabbinize ibadet ediniz ki, (kötülüklerden) korunup sakınanlar olabilesiniz." (Bakara Suresi, ayet;21) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     BAŞLICA İBADETLER &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     1) NAMAZ &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Günün belirli 5 vaktinde yapılan bir ibadettir. Günlük ibadetten başka, haftada bir, cuma günlerinde ve yılda iki defa bayram günlerinde cemaat halinde toplu olarak kılınan namazlar davardır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Namaz, Yüce Yaratıcı'ya karşı yapılan kulluğun en güzel göstergesidir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Müslüman, namazda Allah (c.c.)'ın huzurunda olmanın manevl zevkini yaşar, dünya meşgalelerinden uzaklaşarak ruhen yücelir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Namaz kılmak için yüz, dirseklerle birlikte eller ve ayakların yıkanması; başın da meshedilmesi gerekir. Buna "Abdest'' denir. Ayrıca beden, elbise ve namaz kılınacak yerin temiz olması şarttır. Namaz, kalplere sorumluluk duygusunu yerleştirerek, insanın içini her türlü kötü duygu ve düşüncelerden arındırır, davranışlarını kontrol altına alarak kötülük yapmasını önler ve ahlaken yükselmesini sağlar. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Yüce Allah (c.c.) şöyle buyuruyor: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     "Namazı dosdoğru kıl , gerçekten namaz hayasızlıktan ve fenalıktan alıkoyar." (Ankebut Suresi; ayet, 45) Müslümanların topluca namaz kıldıkları yere "cami" veya ''mescid'' denir. Cami ve mescid aynı zamanda '" bir bilgi ve eğitim yeridir. Burada dini ve ahlâkî konularda Müslümanlara bilgi verilir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Namaz vakti girince "ezan" okunur. Ezan, müslümanları namaza çağıran bir duyurudur. &lt;br /&gt;Ezanın yüksekçe bir yerden okunması için camilerin bitişiğinde genellikle ''minare'' bulunur. Bu, Islam'ın ilk yıllarına dayanan dini bir gelenektir. Minaresiz camiler de vardır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Namaz, camide bir din görevlisi "imam"ın önlerliğinde toplu halde kılınabileceği gibi tek başına da kılınabilir. Ancak, Cuma namazı ile bayram namazları cemaatle kılınır. Müslüman, isteklerini tek başına dua ederek Yüce Allah ( c.c.) 'a sunar. İşlediği günahların bağışlanmasını da, arada hiç bir vasıta olmadan, doğrudan doğruya Allah ( c.c.) 'tan ister. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Müslümanlara ibadetlerinde önderlik eden kişiye ''imam'' denir. &lt;br /&gt;     Camide cemaatin önünde, imamın durduğu özel yere ''Mihrap'' adı verilir. &lt;br /&gt;     Camide müslümanlara vaaz etmek için ''Kürsü'', cuma ve bayram namazlarında hutbe okumak için ''Minber'' bulunur. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     2) ORUÇ &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Her yıl kameri aylardan Ramazan ayı boyunca ibadet niyetiyle tan yerinin ağarmasından güneşin batışına kadar yemek, içmek ve cinsi arzulardan uzaklaşmaktan ibaret bir ibadettir. &lt;br /&gt;     Oruç, nefsi terbiye ederek iradeyi güçlendirir ve böylece insanda kötü alışkanlıklara karşı direnme gücünü artırır. &lt;br /&gt;     Allah Teala şöyle buyuruyor. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     "Ey iman edenler! Oruç sizden öncekilere farz kılındığı gibi size de farz kılındı. Ola ki korunup sakınırsınız." (Bakara Suresi, ayet; 183) &lt;br /&gt;     Oruç, ruhu kötülüklerden arındıran, sevgi, şefkat ve merhamet duygularını geliştiren bir ahlak ve davranış eğitimidir. &lt;br /&gt;     Ayrıca orucun insan sağlığı bakımından da çok yararlı olduğu bilinen bir gerçektir. Bu husus tıbben de kanıtlanmıştır. . &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Bu konuda Hz. Muhammed (A.S.) şöyle buyurmuştur. "Oruç tutunuz, sıhhat bulursunuz." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     3- ZEKAT &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Zenginlerin belirli mal ve para birikimlerinin belirli bir miktarını, her yıl ihtiyaç sahiplerine vermek suretiyle yerine getirdikleri bir ibadettir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Zekat, toplumda huzur ve dayanışmayı sağlayan bir sosyal yardımlaşma sistemidir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Zekat, paraya olan aşırı tutkuyu azaltır, fertler arasında karşılıklı sevgi ve saygı duygularını geliştirerek servet düşmanlığını önler. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Böylece toplumda huzur ve güvenin kökleşmesinde önemli rol oynar. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     4- HAC &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Servet ve sağlık yönünden gücü yeten müslümanların, ömründe bir defa belli zamanlarda arafatta vakfe yapmak ve kabeyi ziyaret etmek suretiyle yaptıkları bir ibadettir. &lt;br /&gt;     Bu ibadeti yaparken her seviyede insanın aynı kıyafete bürünmesi, öldükten sonra Allah (c.c.)'ın huzuruna çıkış gününü hatırlatır. Hac, müminlerin samimî bir şekilde Allah (c.c.)'a yönelerek, tevbelerinin kabul edilmesine ve günahlarının bağışlanmasına vesile olur. Kutsal yerleri görmek, insana manevî bir heyecan vererek dini duyguları kuvvetlendirir. Dünyanın çeşitli ülkelerinden kutsal topraklara gelen, renkleri ve dilleri ayrı olan insanları " tek gaye etrafında birleştiren Hac, sosyal yönüyle milletlerarası bir kongre niteliği taşır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Görülüyor ki İslam'da ibadetler, kişinin kötülüklerden arınarak ahlaken olgunlaşmasını, iyiye ve mükemmele ulaşmasını, aynı zamanda toplumun da huzura kavuşmasını amaçlamaktadır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     AHLAK &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İslam Dininde ahlakın büyük bir önemi vardır. İslâm'ın gayesi; insanları güzel ahlak sahibi &lt;br /&gt;yaparak olgunlaştırmaktır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İslam Peygamberi Hz. Muhammed (A.S.) şöyle buyurmuştur. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     "Ben güzel ahlakı tamamlamak için gönderildim. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Bir müslümanın değeri, ahlakının güzelliği ile ölçülür. Bu konuda, Hz. Peygamber, kendisine en sevimli olanların, güzel ahlak sahipleri olduğunu bildirmiş. ''Allah katında en sevgili kullar kimlerdir?'' sorusuna da, ''Ahlakı en güzel olanlardır" cevabını vermiştir &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     SEVGİ VE MERHAMET &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Sevgi ve Merhamet Ahlâkî davranışların temelinde insan sevgisi önemli yer tutar. Bu sebeple olgun müslüman olabilmenin şartlarından biri de bu sevgidir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Kalbi sevgi ile dolu olan Hz. Muhammed (A.S.).şöyle buyuruyor' &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     "Birbirinizi sevmedikçe olgun mü'min olamazsınız." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Kalblerdeki sevginin göstergesi insanlara iyilik yapmak, şefkat ve merhametle muamele etmektir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Hz. Muhammed (A.S.) buyuruyor ki: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     "Merhamet edenlere, Allah da merhamet eder." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İslam'da sevgi ve merhamet sadece insanlığı değil; bütün yaratıkları içine alır. Hz. Muhammed (A.S.) "Bir kediyi aç bırakarak ölümüne sebep olan kadının azap göreceğini, susayan bir köpeğe acıyarak su içiren günahkar bir kişinin de bu davranışı ile Allah (c.c.) tarafından bağışlandığını" haber vermiştir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     HOŞGÖRÜ &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Müslüman, hoşgörü sahibi ve bağışlayıcıdır Allah (c.c.) gerçek müminleri "Öfkelerini yenerler, insanların kusurlarını affederler" diye övmüştür &lt;br /&gt;(AI-i İmran Suresi ayet: 134) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Hoşgörü konusunda Hz. Muhammed (A.S.) en güzel örnektir Müslümanlar, sadece kendi din kardeşlerine değil diğer dinlerden olanlara da hoşgörülü davranmak zorundadırlar &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     DOĞRULUK &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Doğruluk önemli bir ahlak kuralıdır. Allah ( c.c.) şöyle buyu ruyor: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     "Emrolunduğun gibi dosdoğru ol." (Hud Suresi, ayet: 112) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     ADALET VE İNSAN HAKLARI &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Adalet ve insan haklarına saygı İslam'ın değişmez:" prensiplerindendir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Yüce Allah (c.c.) buyuruyor ki: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Adaletli davranın. Şüphesiz Allah, adil davrananları sever ." (Hucurat Suresi, ayet:9) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Hz. Muhammed (A.S.) 632 yılında yüz binden fazla müslümana irat ettiği tarihi hutbesinde; &lt;br /&gt;     Bütün insanların eşit olduğunu, can, mal ve namuslarının kutsal olup her türlü tecavüzden korunduğunu cihana ilan etmiştir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Bunlar , insanların dokunulmaz haklarıdır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Müslüman, başkalarının hakkına saygı göstermek ve insanlara zarar verecek davranışlardan sakınmak mecburiyetindedir . Ancak, bu yeterli değildir. Kişinin olgun bir Müslüman olabilmesi, kendisi için sevip arzu ettiği şeyleri başkaları için de arzu etmesine bağlıdır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Hz. Muhammed (A.S.) şöyle buyuruyor. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     "Sizden hiçbir kimse kendisi için sevdiği bir şeyi, kardeşi için de sevmedikçe gerçek mümin sayılmaz." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İSLAM'DA KADIN VE ÇOCUK &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Çocuklara sevgi ve şefkatle muamele etmek, kadınlara karşı iyi davranmak İslam'ın önemle tavsiye ettiği ahlak ilkelerindendir, Hz. Muhammed (A.S.) şöyle buyuruyor. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     "Küçüklerimize merhamet etmeyen, büyüklerimizi saymayan bizden değildir." &lt;br /&gt;     "Sizin en hayırlınız, kadınlarına karşı en iyi davranananızdır ." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     ÇALIŞMAK &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Çalışıp kazanmak dinin emridir. Tembellik, müslümana yakışmayan bir davranıştır. &lt;br /&gt;     Allah (c.c.) şöyle buyuruyor: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     "Dünyadaki nasibini de unutma." (Kasas Suresi, ayet:77) &lt;br /&gt;     İyi müslüman, hem dünya hem de ahiret için çalışan kimsedir. Bu konuda Hz. Muhammed (A.S.) buyuruyor ki: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     "Sizin hayırlınız; dünyası için ahiretini terketmeyen, ahireti için de dünyasını terketmeyip her ikisi için çalışan ve başkalarına yük olmayandır " &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     TEMİZLİK &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Temizlik müslümanın en önemli özelliklerinden birisidir. Bu hem maddi, hem de manevi temizliktir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Müslüman, kalbini kötü duygu ve düşüncelerden, bedenini ve çevresini de temiz olmayan şeylerden arındıran kişidir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Yüce Allah (c.c.) buyuruyor ki: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     "Şüphesiz ki Allah, çokca tevbe edenleri ve iyice temizlenenleri sever." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Hz. Muhammed (A.S.) temizliğin önemi hakkında şöyle buyuruyor: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     "Temizlik İmandandır." &lt;br /&gt;     "Temizlik İmanın Yarısıdır." &lt;br /&gt;     "Çevrenizi Temiz Tutunuz." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     MUTLULUĞUN KAYNAĞI &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     İnsanların mutluluğunu amaçlayan İslam prensipleri şu iki cümlede özetlenir: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     1- Allah (c.c.)' ın emirlerine saygı. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     2- Yaratıklarına karşı şefkat ve merhamet. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Gerçek müslüman da bunları yerine getiren insandır, dünyada huzurun, ahirette ebedi mutluluğun yolu da budur.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-8768577937243311463?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/8768577937243311463/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=8768577937243311463' title='1 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/8768577937243311463'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/8768577937243311463'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/mutluluk-yolu-islam.html' title='Mutluluk Yolu islam'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-6298616369758472526</id><published>2008-01-02T08:55:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-02T08:55:27.991-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Organ Nakli</title><content type='html'>DİN İŞLERİ YÜKSEK KURULU KARARI&lt;br /&gt;(Organ Nakil) &lt;br /&gt;KARAR TARİHİ : 03.03.1980 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp. Fakültesi Öğretim Üyelerinden Doç. Dr. Mehmet Haberal’ın ölmüş kimselerden alınacak organ ve dokuların, tedavileri ancak bu yoldan yapılabilecek hastalara nakli konusunda, Başkanlık Makamından havale olunan dilekçesi Kurulumuzca incelendi. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yapılan müzakere sonunda : &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kur’an-ı Kerim ve hadis-i şeriflerde, organ ve doku nakli konusunda sarih bir hüküm bulunmamaktadır. İlk müçtehit ve fakihler de, kendi devirlerinde böyle bir mesele söz konusu olmadığı için, bu ameliyyenin hükmünü geniş şekilde açıklamamışlardır. Ancak dinimizde, Kitap ve Sünnet’in delaletlerinden çıkarılmış umumi hükümler ve kaideler de vardır. Kitap ve Sünnet'te açık hükmü bulunmayan ve her devirde karşılaşılan yeni yeni meselelerin hükümleri, İslam fakihleri tarafından bu umumi kaideler ile hükmü bilinen benzer meselelere kıyas edilerek çıkarılmış, hiçbir mesele cevapsız bırakılmamıştır. Organ ve doku nakli konusunda hükmünü tayinde de aynı yola baş vurulması uygun olacaktır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bilindiği üzere, insan mükerrem bir varlıktır. Mahlukatı içinde Allah onu mümtaz kılmıştır. Bu itibarla normal durumlarda ölü ve diri kimselerden alınan parça ve organlardan faydalanılması, insanın hürmet ve kerametine aykırı görüldüğünden, İslam fakihlerince caiz görülmemiştir. Ancak, zaruret durumunda, zaruretin mahiyet ve miktarına göre bu hüküm değişmektedir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nitekim dinimiz, bir kısım fiil ve davranışları yasak kılmış, Kitap ve Sünnet bunları tespit etmiştir. Sözgelimi murdar hayvan (meyte), kan, domuz eti, şarap... vb. şeylerin yenilip içilmesi, alınıp satılması, ilaç olarak kullanılması haram kılınmıştır. Ancak zaruret halinde bunlardan zaruret miktarında (ölmeyecek kadar) yenilip içilmesinin (el-Bakara, 173; el-Maide, 3; el-En’am, 119) meşru olduğu beyan buyrulmuştur. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Söz konusu ayet-i celilelerden, İslam fakihleri, zaruretlerin bir ölçüde dinen yasaklanmış şeyleri mübah kıldığı ve zaruret halinde sadece ayet-i kerimelerde beyan edilen yasakların değil, zaruret halinin giderilmesi için yapılması zorunlu ve başka bir çare olmayan bütün yasakların zaruret miktarınca işlenmesinin caiz ve mübah olduğu sonucuna varmışlardır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O halde, ölmüş kimselerden tedavi maksadıyla organ ve doku alma ve bunları hasta veya yaralı kimselere nakletme konusunda bir hükme ulaşabilmek için; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zarurete binaen, cesedin kesilmesi, organ ve dokularından bir kısmının alınmasının caiz olup olmadığı, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hastalığın tedavisinin zaruret sayılıp sayılmayacağı (Haram ile tedavinin hükmü) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Organ ve doku nakli caiz ise hangi şartlarla caiz olduğunun bilinmesi gerekmektedir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;İslam fakihleri, karnında canlı halde bulunan çocuğun kurtarılması için ölü annenin karnının yarılmasına, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Başka yoldan tedavileri mümkün olmayan kimselerin kırılmış kemiklerinin yerine, başka kemiklerin nakline, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bilinmeyen hastalıkların öğrenilmesi ve hayatta bulunmaları sebebiyle ölülere nisbetle daha çok şayan-ı ihtiram olan hastaların tedavilerinin sağlanabilmesi için, yakınlarının rızası alınmak suretiyle, ölüler üzerinde otopsi yapılmasının caiz olacağına, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fetva vermişler, canlı bir kimseyi kurtarmak için, ölünün bir parçasını itlaf etmeyi caiz görmüşlerdir. Nitekim, Müşavere ve Dini Eserleri İnceleme Kurulu’nun 16.4.1952 tarih ve 211 sayılı kararında, özetle; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“...âmmenin menfaat ve maslahatı göz önünde tutularak, bilinmeyen bir hastalığın bilinir hale gelmesi, hastalığın bilinmemesinden doğacak âmme zararının önlenmesi, hayatta bulunmaları sebebiyle daha şayan-ı ihtiram olan hastaların tedavilerinin sağlanması gibi maslahat ve şer’î hikmetlerin husule gelmesini temin için, yakınlarının rızası alınarak, ölüler üzerinde otopsi yapmanın caiz olacağı ve bu gibi sebepler dolayısıyle ölüye gösterilmesi gereken hürmet ve tekrimin zevaline katlanmanın, İslamî hükümlerin bir gereği olduğu...” ifade olunmuştur. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;İslam fakihleri, açlık ve susuzluk gibi, hastalığı da haramı mübah kılan bir zaruret saymışlar, başka yoldan tedavileri mümkün olmayan hastaların haram ilaç ve maddelerle tedavilerini caiz görmüşlerdir. Günümüzde kan, doku ve organ nakli ve tedavi yolları arasına girmiş bulunmaktadır. O halde, hayatı veya hayatî bir uzvu kurtarmak için başka çare olmadığında, kan, doku ve organ nakli yolu ile de bazı şartlara uyularak, tedavinin caiz olması gerekir. Nitekim, Müşavere ve Dinî Eserleri İnceleme Kurulunun 25.10.1960 tarih ve 492 sayılı kararında, “tedavileri için kan nakline zaruret bulunan hasta ve yaralılara başka kimselerden kan naklinin; başka kimselerden alınacak parçaların takılmasıyla görmeleri mümkün olduğu takdirde; hayatında buna izin vermiş olan kimselerin, ölümlerinden sonra gözlerinden alınacak parçaların bu durumdaki kimselere takılmalarının caiz olacağı...” beyan edilmiştir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu’nun 19.01.1968 gün ve 3 sayılı gerekçeli kararında ise “yalnız hayatı kurtarmak için değil, bir organı tedavi etmek, hastalığın tedavisini çabuklaştırmak için de kan naklinin caiz olduğu, tıbbi ve hukuki kaidelere riayet edilmek şartıyla kalp naklinin de caiz olacağı...” ifade olunmuştur. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yurdumuz dışında, çeşitli İslam Ülkelerinin yetkili kişilerince de aynı yolda fetvalar verildiği bilinmektedir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kurulumuzca da aşağıdaki şartlara uyularak yapılacak organ ve doku naklinin caiz olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zaruret halinin bulunması, yani hastanın hayatını veya hayatî bir uzvunu kurtarmak için, bundan başka çaresi olmadığının, meslekî ehliyet ve dürüstlüğüne güvenilen bir tabip tarafından tespit edilmesi, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hastalığın bu yoldan tedavi edilebileceğine tabibin zann-ı galibinin bulunması, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Organ veya dokusu alınan kişinin, bu işlemin yapıldığı esnada ölmüş olması, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Toplumun huzur ve düzeninin bozulmaması bakımından organ veya dokusu alınacak kişinin sağlığında (ölmeden önce) buna izin vermiş olması veya hayatta iken aksine bir beyanı olmamak şartıyla, yakınlarının rızasının sağlanması, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alınacak organ veya doku karşılığında hiçbir şekilde ücret alınmaması, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tedavisi yapılacak hastanın da kendisine yapılacak bu nakle razı olması gerekir. &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;el-İsra Suresi , 70; et-Tin Suresi, 4 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;el-Hidaye, el-İnaye ve Feth’ül-Kadir 1/65; Fethu babi’l-İnaye, 1/126; Fetevay-ı Hindiye, 2/390 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cessas, Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, 1/156; İbnü’l-Arabi, Ahkamü’l-Kur’an, 1/55; Kurtubi, 2/232 ve 7/73; İbn Hazm, el-Muhalla, 7/426 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fetevay-ı Hindiye, 2/296; el-Va’yü’l-İslami, Sayı 137, Yıl 1396, Kuveyt; Istılahat-ı Fıkhiye,3/157 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fetevay-ı Hindiye 2/390&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-6298616369758472526?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/6298616369758472526/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=6298616369758472526' title='1 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/6298616369758472526'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/6298616369758472526'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/organ-nakli.html' title='Organ Nakli'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-1158053080689469267</id><published>2008-01-02T08:53:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-02T08:54:10.083-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Müslümanların İhtilaflarının Sebebleri</title><content type='html'>Müslümanların İhtilaflarının Sebebleri&lt;br /&gt;Muhammed Ebu Zehra&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Müslümanlar itikat, siyaset ve fıkıh konusunda bir takım mezheblere ayrılmışlardır. Bu ayrılışın sebeblerini açıklamaya geçmeden evvel şu iki hususu belirtelim.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1-Bu ihtilaf dinin özüne yönelmemiştir. Genel bir ifade ile, dinin temel temel prensiblerinden biri hakkında veya din bilgisinin zorunlu olarak ortaya koyduğu içki, domuz ve hayvan leşi yasağı, mirasın temel kaideleri gibi temel hususlarda ihtilaf olmamıştır. İhtilaf dinin rükünlerinin dışında olan konularda olmuştur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2-Şüphesiz, bir ihtilaflar, akide ve siyaset çevresinde görüldüğü için yine de şer niteliğindedir. Bu konuda Buhari, Zeyneb binti Cahş'ın şöyle dediğini rivayet eder: "Bir gün peygamber, yüzü kıpkırmızı olarak uyandı ve şöyle dedi: La ilahe illallah, yaklaşan felaketten ötürü vay Arapların haline"(Buhari: Enbiya7, Fiten4, Müslim:Fiten1, İmam Ahmed 2/290, 291) Bu hadiste rasulullah kendinden sonra çıkacak fitnelere işaret etmektedir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;İtikadi meseleler çevresinde ihtilaf etmenin şer olduğunu belirtmemize karşın, hakkında kitap ve sünnetten bir nass bulunan konu üzerinde yapılan fıkhi ihtilafın şer olmadığını da belirtmeliyiz. Tersine bu ihtilaflar derin çalışmalara vesile olmuştur. Ömer b. Abdulaziz Ashabın fer'i meselelerde ihtilafından hoşlanır ve şöyle derdi: "Ashabın ihtilaf etmemiş olmasını istemezdim. Eğer onlar bir görüşte toplansalardı insanlar zorluğa düşerlerdi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bu arada şu soru sorulabilir: "Rasulullahtan sonra müslümanlar neden ihtilafa düştüler?"&lt;br /&gt;Bunun cevabı da şudur: "İhtilafın bir çok sebebleri vardır. Genlede, ihtilaf iki türlüdür. Birisi birliği bozmayan ihtilaftır ki ikincisi de bunun aksine vahdeti parçalayan ihtilaftır. İşte bu ihtilaf siyaset ve yönetim alanında meydana gelen ihtilaftır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Şimdi bu iki tür ihtilafın bazı sebeblerine değiinelim:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Irkçılık :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Irkçılık, ihtilafın sebeblerinden biridir. Hatta İslam ümmetini parçalayan ihtilafın temelini teşkil eder. İslam Kuran ve Sünnetle Irkçılığa karşı savaşaçmıştır. Rasulullah şöyle buyurur "Irkçılığa davet eden bizden değildir."(Müslim, Ebu Davud, İbn Mace) Bir başka hadisinde de şöyle buyurur: "Hepiniz Ademdensiniz, Adem ise topraktandır. Arabın aceme üstünlüğü yoktur.Üstünlük takva iledir."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rasul zamanında Irkçılık bu delillerle bastırılmıştı. Bu durum Şehid Halife Hz.Osmanın zamanına kadar devam etti. O zamanlarda önceleri Emevi ve Haşimiler arasındaki rekabetin, sonraları hariciler ve diğerlerinin ihtilaflarında etkisi büyüktür. Bilindiği gibi Haricilik Rabia kabileleri arasında yayılmış ama Mudar kabilesinde ise yayılamamıştır. Rabia ve Mudar kabileleri arasında cahiliye döneminde bir rekabet vardı ki Rasulullah zamanında bu bastırılmıştı... Ne var ki, Hariciye fırkasıyla bu çekişme yeniden oraya çıktı.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hilafet Anlaşmazlığı :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Siyasi ihtilafın temel çıkışı da İslam ümmetini Rasulullahtan sonra kimin idare edeceği meselesidir. Bu ihtilaf rasulun vefatından hemen sonra çıkmıştır. Ancak bu tartışmanın yıkıcı bir tesiri olmamıştır. İman gücü galib gelmiştir. Ancak bir şekilde daha sonra bu tartışma yeniden alevlendi...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Müslümanların eski din mensublarına komşu olması ve bunların bazı alışkanlık ve inançlarının islama sokulması:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eskden başka bir din mensubu bir çok insan islama girmişti. Bunlar islami hakikatleri, eski inançları ışığında ele almaya başladılar. Bu nedenle önceleri aralarında yaygın olan bazı düşünceleri örneğin "cebr ve ihtiyar" tartışmasını, Allahın zatı sıfatları ile aynı mı, yoksa ayrı mı ollduğu gibi meseleleri müslümanlar arasında yaydılar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bu arada şunu da belirtmek gerekir ki, İslama inanarak girenlerin yanında, gerçek itikadlarını gizleyerek sözde islama girmiş, ancak içinde başka bir din gizleyen, islama sırf müslümanları ifsad etmek için, girmiş bir grup da vardır. İbn Hazm bu konuda "El Fasl" adlı eserinde şöyle der:&lt;br /&gt;"Bu grupların çoğunun islam dininden çıkmasının aslı şudur: Persler(İranlılar) geniş bir ülkeye sahip idiler. Tüm uluslara karşı üstünlükleri vardı. Kendilerini de böyle görürlerdi. Bu sebeble de Arablar tarafından devletlerinin yıkılması ağırlarına gitmişti de bir çok kez onu yıkmaya çalışmışlardı. Ama Hakkın yardımıyla bu olmamıştı. Bazıları zahiren müslüman oldular. Ehli beyt sevgisi ve Hz.Aliye yapılan zulmü kullanarak şiilere yanaştılar. Nihayet onları İslamdan çıkardılar..."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bu değerlendirme, her ne kadar Abdullah b. Sebe taraftarları olan sebeiyye gurubu gibi sadece sapık Şiiliği (Şia ve şiiler tamamen sapık addedilemez aşırı olanları ise tekfir edilmeye daha layıktır) örnek olarak kullanmışsa da, diğer bir çok grubun durumuna uygun düşmektedir. Bu tipler her grupta bulunur. Mutezileden ibn Ravendi, diğer gruplardan da teşbih ve tecsim yapanlar gibi...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Felsefenin Tercüme edilmesi:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebeblerden birisi de tercüme faaliyetleridir. Tercüme edilen kitabların çıkan ihtilaflardaki etkisi açıktır. Çünkü bir çok felsefi nazariye islam düşüncesiyle çatışır durumda idi. Hatta Abbasiler döneminde ümmet içerisinde sufistlerin iddia ettiği gibi şüpheciliği savunanlar çıkmıştır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bu akımın etrafında etrafında çeşitli düşünceler oluştu. Bunun etkileri bizzat din düşüncesinde dahi görüldü. Örneğin Mutezilenin Allahı isbatlama yönteminde felsefe metodunu kullandığını, Kelam ilminin de mutezili bir yolda gittiğini, bunlara cevap veren ehl-i sünnet alimlerinde dahi mantıki ölçüler, felsefi tadilat ve soyut nakli incelemelerden ibaret olduğunu görürüz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kapalı Meseleleri İncelemeye Girişmek:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ulema arasında yayılan Felsefi düşünüş, onları beşer aklının kesin bir çözüme kavuşturması mümkün olmayan mesleleri incelemeye itmişti. Örneğin Allahın sıfatlarının isbat ve nefyi gibi... Bu mesleleri inceleme konusu yapmak elbette ihtilafları da beraberinde getirecekti. Özellikle Kelamcılar arasındaki ihtilaflar bu kabildendir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hikayeler (Kıssalar):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hikayeler Hz.Osman döneminde ortaya çıktı. Hz.Ali hikayecilere itibar etmemiş ve hatta onları camiden kovmuştu. Çünkü onlar eski dinlerden alınma hikayelerle insanların kafasına hurafe ve efsaneler sokuyorlardı. Bunların sayısı Emeviler döneminde oldukça arttı... Belki de tefsir ve islam tarihi kaynaklarına "israiliyyat"ın girmesine sebeb, bu hikayelerdir. Bu dönemde ortaya atılan bütün kıssalar, çeşitli meclislerde ortaya atılan olgunlaşmamış görüşler içeriyordu. Bunların da ihtilafa neden olması tabiidir. Özellikle de hikayeci bir mezheb sahibinin, bir düşünce önderinin veya bir sultanın taraftarı olup diğer bir hikayeci de başka birisinin taraftarı olduğunda, bu ihtilaf halka da sirayet eder ve köçtü sonuç verir. Nitekim, islamın çeşitli dönemlerinde bu köçtü sonuç ortaya çıkmıştır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kuranda bulunan müteşabihat:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Allah Kuranda şöyle buyurur: "Al-i İmran /7. Sana Kitab'i indiren O'dur. Onda Kitab'in temeli olan kesin anlamli ayetler vardir, digerleri de cesitli anlamlidirlar. Kalblerinde egrilik olan kimseler, fitne cikarmak, kendilerine gore yorumlamak icin onlarin cesitli anlamli olanlarina uyarlar. Oysa onlarin yorumunu ancak Allah bilir. \limde derinlesmis olanlar: "Ona inandik, hepsi Rabbimiz'in katindandir" derler. Bunu ancak akil sahipleri dusunebilirler."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bu ayetle Kuranda müteşabihatın varlığı sabit olmuştur. Bundan murad sınavdır. Allah kullarını bunlarla dener. Ancak bu tür ayetlerin varlığı, alimlerin bu ayetlerin manası hususunda ihtilaf etmelerine sebeb olmuştur. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Şer'i Hükümlerin Çıkarılması:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;İslam şeriatının teremiz kaynağı Allahın kitabı ve Rasulün sünnetidir. Ancak nasslar sınırlı, hadiseler ise sınırsızdır. Ortaya çıkan her yeni hadise için hüküm çıkarmak ise kaçınılmazdır. Hüküm çıkarma şekli, alimler elinde değişik metodlar kazanmıştır. Her biri belirlediği metodlar dahilinde doğruyu ve doğruları tesbit etmeye çalışmıştır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Şuna da dikkat etmek gerekir ki, şer'i hüküm çıkarmaktan kaynaklanan ihtilaf asla tehlikeli olmamış, aksine övgüye değer güzel bir sonuç vermiştir. Zamanla oluşan birikimden kurgu ve metod yönünden en sağlam bir kanuna denk, muhkem bir kanun çıkarılabilecektir. Böylece zaman geçtikçe, sağlam insan fıtratına en uygun bir sistem meydana gelecektir.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-1158053080689469267?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/1158053080689469267/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=1158053080689469267' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/1158053080689469267'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/1158053080689469267'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/mslmanlarn-ihtilaflarnn-sebebleri.html' title='Müslümanların İhtilaflarının Sebebleri'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-5307133741274169276</id><published>2008-01-02T08:52:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-02T08:52:41.537-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Resmi Kumar Milli Piyango</title><content type='html'>Vatandaş Hazıra Alıştırılıyor &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;      Piyango yüzünden vatandaşlar hem maddeciliğe hem de hazırı bekleyen toplum haline geliyor. Felsefe "kolay yönden köşeyi dönde nasıl dönersen dön". Bu sayede emeğe saygı yok ediliyor ve insanlar hazıra alıştırılıyor. Üretim yapması gereken ülkeler için çok sakıncalı bu durum, malesef bugün Türkiye'de çok yaygın. Bu konuda Yıldırım Aktuna şunları söylüyor: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   "Toplumumuz maddeciliğe alıştırılıyor. Maddi değerler ön plana çıkartılarak manevi değerlerin saygınlığı yitiriliyor. Şans oyunları belki ara sıra olsa zarar vermez ama kişilerin geleceği buna bağlanırsa çok acı sonuçlar doğurabilir. İnsanların buna bağımlılığı resmen kumarbazlıktır. Bunun sonucu olarak elindeki parayı kaybeden insanlar hileli yollara baş vurarak para kazanma yoluna giderler ki hırsızlık artar, işyerinde yolsuzluk artar, zimmetine para geçirenler çoğalır. Bunun en büyük sebeplerinden birisi hiç şüphesiz ki gelir dağılımının düzensizliğidir. Bir kaç kişilik azınlık parsayı götürür, pek çok kişi esi kıt kanaat geçinirse insanların çalışarak para kazanma ümitleri kaybolur ve böyle yollara başvururlar. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dinde Yeri Var mı ? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Milli Piyangonun İslam dininde yeri var mı? Bu soruyu sormaya dahi gerek yok. Kesinlikle haram. Mehmet Talü hoca, milli piyangonun İslamdaki yerini kısaca şöyle belirtiyor: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   "Sonunda oynayana kazanç veya zarar getiren; zar, oyun kağıtları, piyango, spor toto, loto ve müşterek bahis gibi her türlü şans oyunları kumar olup kesinlikle haramdır. Bu gibi durumların devlet eliyle organize edilmesi durumu değiştirmez. Çünkü helal ve haram kılıcı sadece Allah'ü Teala'dır. Bunlara helal diyerek alan veya oynayan kişi ayeti inkar etmiş olacağından küfre düşer." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Prof. Hayrettin Karaman da Kur'an-ı Kerim'de Maide süresinin 90. ayetinde kumarın yasaklandığını belirterek şöyle diyor: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   "Milli piyango biletinin alınması da, çıkacak ikramiyenin yenilmesi de caiz değildir. İslam fıkhı açısından milli piyango ve benzeri uygulamalar "kumar" dır. Buradan elde edilecek gelir ile hayır da yapılmaz. Çünkü İslam; 'hayır yapacaksanız, kumar yolu ile değil, şuurlu bir şekilde yapın' diye emrediyor." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Devlet Kumar Oynatmamalı &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Ne dinimizle ne de geleneklerimizle bağdaşan yılbaşı çılgınlıklarının piyango ayağı devlet tarafından organize ediliyor. Böylece devlet kumar gibi büyük bir rezaleti organize etmiş oluyor. Bu yolla piyangodan elde edilen miktarın 3/1'i devlete kalıyor.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-5307133741274169276?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/5307133741274169276/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=5307133741274169276' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/5307133741274169276'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/5307133741274169276'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/resmi-kumar-milli-piyango.html' title='Resmi Kumar Milli Piyango'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-152554244459401950</id><published>2008-01-02T08:51:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-02T08:52:14.321-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Milli Piyango</title><content type='html'>Şans oyunlarından biri olan piyango da bir kumardır. Kumar toplumda hoş görülmeyen, kötü bir eylem olarak algılanırken ne yazık ki piyango için toplumda yersiz ve zararlı bir hoşgörü geliştirilmiştir. Zira, devlet tarafından piyangolar tertip edilmesi ve piyango kelimesinin önüne "milli" gibi toplum için önemli kavramlardan birinin eklenmesi, piyangonun hak etmediği bir hoşgörü kazanmasına ve bu da toplum içinde kumarın yaygınlaşmasına yol açmaktadır. Kumarın her türüne bulaşan veya alışan bir kişi diğer kumar türlerine de kolaylıkla alışabilir. Kumar alışkanlıkları ise çoğu zaman bir psikolojik hastalık halini alarak kişiyi, aileyi ve toplumu olumsuz yönde etkileyip sarsabilmektedir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Ülkemiz için olumsuz gelişmelerden biri de yılbaşı ile piyango arasında kurulan olumsuz ilişkidir. Adeta bu iki kavram arasına bir "şartlı refleks" geliştirilmiş ve sanki bileti almak yılbaşı kutlamalarının "olmazsa olmaz" şartı gibi algılanmaya başlanmıştır. Zaten kendi yılbaşısı yerine hıristiyanların yılbaşısını kutlamaya başlayarak kültürel yozlaşma süreci yaşayan toplumda bir de piyango yoluyla kumar hoş görülür, yaşanır ve yaygınlaşır olmuştur. Kendi yerli kültürümüzün hoş görmediği kumar, ilerleme ve  aydınlanma (!) amacına yönelik batılılaşma sürecinin bünyemize soktuğu bulaşıcı  bir hastalık halinde toplum ve fert sağlığını tehdit etmektedir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Bugünün Türkiye'sinde devlet toplumu piyango bileti almaya teşvik edip, beş on gün umut ve hayal içinde yaşatıp oyaladıktan sonra büyük çoğunluğu bir hayal kırıklığına veya sükütu hayale uğratırken çok az sayıda kişiyi sonuçta sevindirmekte, böylece gereksiz yere toplum içinde kıskançlık ve öfke ortaya çıkarılmaktadır. Problemlerin çözümü için umudunu piyangodan çıkacak paraya bağlayan ve kanamayınca umutlarını tüketerek deprasyona giren kişiler yanında, hazırlıksız olarak çok büyük paralara kavuşan kişilerde de çeşitli şok reaksiyonları ortaya çıkabilmekte ve bazen kişi ve aile felaketlerine rastlanmaktadır. Kişinin zenginliğinin de yavaş yavaş ve sindire sindire ortaya çıkması gerekir. Yoksa halkın deyimi ile haram paranın azdırdığı bir "toplum dışı" kişi ile karşı karşıya kalabiliriz. Tabi, piyangonun alınteri ile kazanıp yaşamak gibi toplum değerlerimizi de aşındırdığını, haksız kazançlara olan hevesi artırdığını ve toplumda kirli ellerin çoğalmasına yol açtığını da unutmamak gerekir.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-152554244459401950?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/152554244459401950/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=152554244459401950' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/152554244459401950'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/152554244459401950'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/milli-piyango.html' title='Milli Piyango'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-8691273160810736911</id><published>2008-01-02T08:50:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-02T08:51:27.063-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Yılbaşı Faciaları</title><content type='html'>Yılbaşının Hıristiyanlıkla da Hz. İsa ile de hiçbir alakası yoktur. Eğer olsa idi ; Yılbaşı gecelerinde kiliselerde ayinler yapılır, bu gece bir çılgınlık havası içinde değil, bir takdis havası içinde kutlanırdı. Ama gerek yurtiçinde  gerekse yurt dışında bulunan kiliselere bakıldığında bu gecenin zulmete bürünmüş ve içlerinden en küçük bir hareketin olmadığı görülecektir. Çünkü papazlar da bu akşam onlarca küp kutsanmış şaraplarını içmekte ve içip içipsızmaktadırlar. Zaten Peygamberlerin en fakirlerinde biri olarak   yaşadığı Hıristiyanlarca da ifade edilen Hz. İsa ile bu gecenin sefahatının,  israfının ve çılgınlığının ne alakası olabilir ? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Fuhuş Belası &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Bu gecede eğlenmek adına yüzlerce genç kız bekâretini kaybediyor ve bunun dayanılmaz sonucu olarak fuhşun çirkef kollarına düşüyor. Bu manzaraları her yılın Ocak ayının ilk haftasında gazete ve haber programlarından içimiz sızlayarak izliyoruz. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Bu gecede; özellikle fuhuş ticareti  yapanlar işbaşında oluyorlar. Kendilerine sermaye kazandırmak için kollarını sıvamış adeta avının üzerine atlamaya hazır bir aç kurt gibi ağızlarından pis salyalarını akıtarak masum ve cehaletinin kurbanı yavrularımızı bekliyorlar. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Uyuşturucu ve  İçki  Belası   &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Uyuşturucu maddeler, başlangıçta bir keyif ve neşe hali vermekte, daha sonra da gerçek yüzünü göstermektedirler. İşte başlangıçtaki bu keyif hali de bazı insanların kanmasına neden olmaktadır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Yılbaşı facialarından biri de binlerce gencimizin eğlenme uğruna uyuşturucu ve içkiye mübtela hale gelmeleridir. "Acaba tadı nasıl ?" merakı ile başlanan uyuşturucu ve içki belası daha sonra yuvaların yıkılması, insanların komaya girerek genç yaşta ölmesine kadar uzanan acı bir serüven haleni geliyor. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   "İçki bütün kötülüklerin anası" (hadis) olduğu için de toplumda şuursuzca yaşayan bir topluluk meydana çıkıyor. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Kumar Belası &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   İnsanları sefalete ve devamlı bir çıkmaza sürükleyen Kumar belasına özenti de  çoğu zaman bu geceye mahsus olan Yılbaşı Piyangosu ile başlıyor. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Kumarda evini, arabasını, bütün servetini ve hatta hanımını kaybeden kumarbazları duymuşsunuzdur. Kolay kazanma duygusunun verdiği heyecanla bir çok kişiler yine bu gece büyük paralar kaybederek ve bunun sonucu olarak bunalıma girerek belki de canına kıymak için ihtihara kalkışacak. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Neresinden bakılırsa bakılsın insanlara hiçbir şey kazandırmayan, özellikle müslümanlara bir çok değerlerini kaybettiren Yılbaşı kutlamalarının felaketleri bizi bir ahtapot gibi sarmış bulunuyor. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Orman Katliamı Belası &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Hersene olduğu gibi bu sene de Noel uğruna binlerce çam fidanı katledilecek. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Türkiye'de her geçen gün yeşillik oranının azaldığına dikkat eçeken orman mühendisi uzmanlar, kesilen çam fidanlarının bir günlük eğlence için feda edildiğini kaydederek, şunları söylüyorlar: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   "Binlerce çam fidanına yazıktır. Kutlamalarda çam fidanı kullanılsa ne olur, kullanılmasa ne olur? Türkiye'de her geçen gün azalan yeşil alanlar, yanıp kül olan ormanlar göz önüne alındığında, her yılbaşında 50 bin çam fidanını göz göre göre kaybetmek ihanettir."&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-8691273160810736911?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/8691273160810736911/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=8691273160810736911' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/8691273160810736911'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/8691273160810736911'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/ylba-facialar.html' title='Yılbaşı Faciaları'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-2002540586839491068</id><published>2008-01-02T08:49:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-01-02T08:50:11.289-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Yılbaşı Noel</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;NOEL NEDİR ?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Hz. İsa’nın doğumundan çok önce güneşe tapan putperestler, tanrı saydıkları Güneş’in her gün biraz daha erken kendilerini terk etmesine üzülürlerdi. 25 Aralık’ta günler tekrar uzamaya başlayınca, Güneşin kendileri ile kalmaya razı olduğuna sevinerek kutlamalar yaparlardı. Bu kutlamalar sırasında dans ederler, içki içerler ve  ışıklandırma yaparlardı. Ayrıca hindi kesme, domuz başı, kaz kızartması yemeyi de gelenek haline getirmişlerdi. Birde aralarında çeşitli hediyeler verirlerdi. Ayrıca Güneşe tapan ve kurtarıcı tanrılarının kış başlangıcında doğduğuna inanan diğer putperest milletler de vardı. Bunlar da Julian takvimine göre kış başlangıcı olarak kabul edilen 25 Aralık’ta özel kutlama törenleri yaparlardı. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Hz. İsa’nın doğum günü kesin olarak bilinmediği için ilk hıristiyanların Hz. İsa’nın doğumu için kutladıkları özel birgün yoktu. Bu sırada Roma İmparatorluğunun her yerinde Güneşe ve putlara tapılıyordu. Roma İmparatoru Büyük Kostantin,putperest iken miladın 313 senesinde hıristiyanlığı kabul etti. Putperestlikten birçok şeyleri de hıristiyanlığa soktu. Güneş tanrısının doğum günü kabul edilen 25 Aralığı yılbaşı kabul etti. Hz. İsa’nın kurtarıcı tanrı olduğuna inanan hıristiyanlar da, Hz. İsa’nın 25 Aralık’ta doğduğunu kabul ettiler (!). Sonunda bu geceyi miladi yılbaşı ve Noel olarak hersene kutlamaya başladılar. (Yeni Rehber Ansiklopedisi) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Hz. İsa’nın doğum günü olarak 25 Aralığın seçilmesi, III. yüzyıl başlarında İsa’nın ölüm tarihinin 25 Mart olarak tahmin edilmesine dayanır. Hz. İsa’nın doğumu 6 Ocak’ta, müneccim kralların tapınması ve İsa’nın vaftizi ile birlikte kutlayan Doğu hıristiyanlığı da 25 Aralık tarihini aziz Lonnes Khrysos.. benimsemiştir. (Büyük Laruss Ans.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Buna karşılık Ermeni kilisesi Noel’i hiçbir zaman kabul etmedi ve Hz. İsa’nın doğumunu 6 Ocak’ta kutlamayı sürdürdü. (Ana Britanica Ans.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;      &lt;strong&gt;NOEL BABA&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Efsanevi hıristiyan inanışına göre; miladi 4. yüzyılda Anadolu'da Myra (bugünkü Demre-Antalya) yöresinde yaşamış olan Aziz Nikolaos adındaki hıristiyan azizi, Roma imparatoru Kostantin'in rüyasına girdi ve idama mahkum edilen 3 subayı kurtardı. Bu olaydan sonra ünü gittikçe yayılan Nikolaos, zamanla Rusya ve Yunanistan gibi ülkelerin hayır kurumlarının, loncaların, çocukların, denizcilerin ve bazı şehirlerin koruyucu azizi olarak benimsendi. Çocuklara özel armağanlar getirdiğine inanılan ve Noel Baba olarak anılmaya başlanılan Aziz Nikolaos efsanevi bir kişiliğe büründü. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Aziz Nikolaos'un Noel Baba haline sokulması ilk önce Almanya'da görüldü. Bu efsanevi gelenek zamanla Protestan kiliselerin çoğunlukta olduğu Avrupa ülkelerinde yayıldı. Sonra A.B.D.'nin New York şehrine gelip yerleşen Hollanda'lı Protestanların Aziz Nikolaos'u iyilik sever bir kimse olarak anmaları da çok sevilmesine yol açtı. Ayrıca A.B.D. ve İngiltere'de kutlanan çocuk bayramlarında da yer verilmeye başlandı. Geleneksel aile ve çocuk  bayramı olarak kutlanan Noel yortusunun koruyucusu olarak kabul edildi. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;      Noel Baba'nın şişman, neşeli, kırmızı ve beyaz piskoposluk giysileri içindeki tasvirleri Amerikalılar tarafından gündeme getirildi. Noel baba olarak bilinen Aziz Nikolaos'un bazen yalnız, bazen yardımcısıyla ata binerek, bazen de sekiz Ren geyiğinin çektiği arabasıyla evlerin damlarında dolaştığı efsanesi yaygınlaştı. (Yeni Rehber Ans.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Sırtında içi hediye dolu bir heybeyle dolaşan Noel baba evlere bacadan girer ve armağanlarını uslu çocukların ayakkabılarının içine koyduğuna inanılır. (Aslında o hediyeleri evin babası oraya yerleştirdiğini artık bütün çocuklar biliyor.) Noel baba, "yeni doğan" ya da "yaşayan" bir folklarik olaydır. Gerçektende onun ortaya çıkışı her yerde yakın tarihlere rastlar. (Büyük Laruss Ans.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   &lt;strong&gt;NOEL AĞACI&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   Noel şenlikleri sırasında ışık ve süslerle donatılan ağaca denilmektedir. Yaprak dökmeyen ağaçları ve çelenkleri ölümsüz yaşamın simgesi olarak kullanmak, eski Mısırlıların, Çinlilerin ve Yahudilerin ortak bir geleneği idi. Avrupalı putperestler arasında yaygın olan ağaca tapınma, hıristiyanlığı benimsemelerinden sonra, İskandinavyalıların şeytanı korkutup kaçırmak ve Noel zamanında kuşlar için bir ağaç hazırlamak üzere ev ve ambarlarını yılbaşında ağaçlarla donatma geleneği biçiminde sürdü. Almanya'da da kış ortasına rastlayan tatillerde evin girişine ya da içine bir Yule (yeni yıl) ağacı konuyordu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    Günümüzdeki Noel ağacı Almanya'nın batısından kaynaklandı. Ortaçağda Adem ve Havva'yı canlandıran gözde bir oyunun ana dekoru, Cennet bahçesini temsil eden ve üzerinde elmaların bulunduğu bir çam ağacıydı. Adem ve Havva yortusunda (24 Aralık) Almanlar evlerine böyle bir Cennet ağacı dikerler, üzerine Momünyon'daki kutsanmış ekmeği simgeleyen ince, hamursuz ekmek parçaları asarlardı; bunların yerini daha sonra değişik biçimlerdeki çörekler aldı. Ayrıca bazı yerlerde  Hz. İsa'yı simgeleyen mumlar eklendi. Noel mevsiminde ağaçla aynı odada Noel piramidi de bulunurdu. 16. yüzyılda Noel piramidi ve cennet ağacı birleşerek Noel ağacını oluşturdu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    İngiltere'ye 19. yüzyıl başlarında ulaşan Noel ağacı, Kraliçe Victoria'nın eşi Alman prens Albert'in desteği ile bu yüzyılın ortalarında yaygınlaştı. O dönemde Noel ağaçları, dallarına kurdela ve kağıt zincirlerle asılmış mum, şekerleme ve keklerle süsleniyordu. Göçmen Almanların Kuzey Amerika'ya 17. yüzyılda götürdükleri Noel ağacı, 19. yüzyılda moda oldu. Gelenek Avusturya, İsviçre, Polonya ve Hollanda'da da yaygındı. Japonya ve Çin'e 19. ve 20. yüzyılda Amerikalı misyonerlerin tanıttığı Noel ağaçları ince işlenmiş kağıt süslerle donatılıyordu.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-2002540586839491068?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/2002540586839491068/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=2002540586839491068' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/2002540586839491068'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/2002540586839491068'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2008/01/ylba-noel.html' title='Yılbaşı Noel'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-6105000354612467933</id><published>2007-12-14T05:02:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-14T05:02:18.591-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Lekelerin Temizligi</title><content type='html'>Lekelerin Temizligi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yünlü, pamuklu, ipek kumaşlar için elinizin altındaki sihirli leke çıkartıcıyı biliyor musunuz? Kuru fasulyenin haşlama suyu, içine tuz katılmadığı taktirde mükemmel bir temizleyicidir. Bunu sakın unutmayın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alçı Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ilık sirkeye batırılmış bir bezle silin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alkol Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cilalı ahşap üzerinde: Lekeli yerleri bir mantar tıpasıyla silin veya terebentinle ıslatın, sonra parlatın.&lt;br /&gt;Masif ahşap üzerinde: Eter veya benzinle temizleyebilirsiniz. Leke çok inatçıysa, çakmak benzinini deneyiniz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Altın Temizliği&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bir litre suya 15 gr. sabun rendesi ve 100 gr. amonyak ilave edin. Temizlemek istediğiniz altın eşyalarınızı bu karışımın içinde yarım saat kadar bırakın. Sonra, soğuk suyla çalkalayın ve bir deri parçasıyla temizleyin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alüminyum Temizliği&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kimi zaman alüminyum kaplarımız kirlenir ve lekelenir (özellikle bulaşık makinasında yıkadıktan sonra kararırlar). Bunların temizliği de kolaydır. İçinde kuzu kulağı pişirin veya süt kaynatın. Bozulan rengi eski haline dönecektir. Biraz zeytinyağı ile birkaç damla alkolü karıştırın ve yumuşak bir bezle alüminyum kaplarınıza sürün. Pırıl pırıl olacaklardır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ampullerin Temizliği&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En iyi temizleyici alkoldür. Ancak ampulün yüzeyi pütürlüyse bir kesilmiş soğan parçasıyla silin, sonra nemli bir bezle temizleyin. Ampulü temizledikten sonra ışığı yakmadan, üzerine bir iki damla parfüm sürün. Eviniz mis gibi kokacaktır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At Kestanesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Elleriniz için:At kestanesi tozu ile ellerinizi yıkarsanız beyaz ve yumuşak olmalarını sağlarsınız.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Çamaşırlar için: Özellikle beyaz çamaşırları at kestanesi suyuyla yıkarsanız kar gibi beyaz olurlar. Ayrıca, at kestanesiyle yıkanan çamaşırlar nemliyken ütülenirse kolalı gibi olur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ayakkabıdaki Lekeler&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Su lekesi: Boyamadan önce vazelin sürün.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Küf Lekeleri: Bir beze gliserin sürerek lekeleri silin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Spor ayakkabılar: Benzine batırılmış, eski diş fırçasıyla temizleyin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Açık renk ayakkabılar: Üzerindeki lekeler benzine batırılmış bir bezle silinirse yok olurlar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Koyu renk ayakkabılar: Üzerlerindeki lekeleri alkole batırılmış bezle temizleyin. Lekeler yok olacağı gibi ayakkabılarınız pırıl pırıl gözükecektir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vernikli ayakkabılar:Süt ve limon suyu en tesirli temizlik maddesidir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Süet ayakkabılar: Süet ayakkabıların dökülen tüylerini kabartmak için onları, su buharına tutun. Sakın ıslakken fırçalamayın. İyice kuruyunca tel fırçayla fırçalayın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rugan ayakkabılar: Çatlamalarını önlemek için zeytinyağı veya vazelin sürün. Sıcaklık çatlamalarına sebep olacağı için serin yerde saklayın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kahverengi ayakkabılar: Rengini değiştirip siyaha boyamak isterseniz önce çiğ patatesle ovalayın sonra siyah cila sürün.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ayna temizliği&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aynanızı temizlemenin iki basit yolunu sıralayalım.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Top haline getirdiğiniz gazete kağıdını, 2 ölçü su ve 1,5 ölçü sirke karışımına batırarak bununla aynanızı silin, sonra kuru bir bezle kurulayın.&lt;br /&gt;-Yarıya kesilmiş çiğ patatesle aynayı ovalayın. Sonra içine az miktarda alkol katılmış suyla durulayın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sinekler karşı: Aynayı temizlediğiniz son suya alkol katarsanız sineklerin konmasını engellersiniz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Balmumu Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lekeli yere bir kurutma kağıdı yerleştirip, balmumunu emmesi için üstünde sıcak ütüyü gezdirin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Blucinlerin Rengi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rengini devamlı olarak açılmasını istemiyorsanız, yeniyken içine bol miktarda tuz atılmış soğuk suda 12 saat kadar bırakın. Renginin belirgin bir sabitlik kazandığını göreceksiniz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Boya&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kokusundan rahatsız olursanız&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Taze boya kokusunu yok etmek için iki çareden yararlanabilirsiniz.&lt;br /&gt;-Boya kutusuna, litre başına 2 çorba kaşığı vanilya karıştırın.&lt;br /&gt;-Veya boyadığınız odaya, içinde kesik bir soğan bulunan soğuk su dolu bir kap yerleştirin. Ekmek içiyle doldurulmuş bir tabak da aynı işi görecektir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Temizliği&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oda duvarlarını temizlemek daima can sıkıcı işler arasında yer alır. Üstelik bu işin püf noktaları bilinmiyorsa…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Odanın ortasına, kaynar su dolu bir kap bırakın. Kapı ve pencereleri iyice kapatın. Meydana gelecek buhar duvarları nemlendireceğinden temizlik işiniz oldukça kolaylaşacaktır.&lt;br /&gt;- Mutfak duvarlarının temizliği için kullanacağınız sabunlu suya bolca tuz ilave edin. Böylece duvarlardaki yağ ve is lekelerini kolaylıkla çıkartabilirsiniz.&lt;br /&gt;- Boyalı duvarlarınızı, iyice yıkayıp kuruttuktan sonra, nişastalı suya batırdığıız süngerle silin. Böylelikle bir sonraki temizlik işlemini kolaylaştırmış olursunuz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Parmak izleri&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Duvarın boyasına zarar vermeden bu sevimsiz parmak izlerinden kurtulabilirsiniz.&lt;br /&gt;- İzleri kesilmiş patates parçasıyla ovuşturun.&lt;br /&gt;-Parafine buladığınız bir bezle silerseniz parmak izlerinin çıktıklarını görürsünüz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cam üzerindeki boya lekeleri&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Eğer lekeler küçükse, bunları jiletle kazıyarak çıkartabilirsiniz.&lt;br /&gt;- Daha inatçı ve büyük boya lekelerini önce alkolle ıslatın, sonra jiletle kazıyın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kumaş üzerindeki boya lekeleri&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Leke henüz oluşmuşsa, yani tazeyse en etkili temizleyici madde terebentindir.&lt;br /&gt;- Leke kurumuşsa, sabunlu suyla yıkayın ve birkaç saat bu suda bırakın. Boya iyice yumuşayınca bir bıçakla kazıyın, sonra terbentinle silin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Böcek ölüleri leke yapmışsa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Beyaz çamaşırlar: Çamaşır suyuyla yıkayın.&lt;br /&gt;- Renkli kumaşlar: Lekeyi ılık suyla ıslatın, sonra amonyaklı suyla fırçalayın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ceviz Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Taze ceviz lekesinin ellerde bıraktığı sevimsiz lekeyi çıkarmak için pamuklu bir bez parçasını sirkeye batırıp lekelere sürtün. Sonra ellerinizi soğuk suyla yıkayın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cezvedeki Lekeler&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cezvenizdeki kahve lekelerini tuzla ovarsanız hemen çıkarlar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Çamaşırlar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yeni çamaşırlar: Yeni çamaşırlarınızın apresini bozmak için, bunları sodalı veya tuzlu ılık suya batırın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kaynatırken: Çamaşır kaynatırken oluşan buharı önlemek için, tülbent içine koyduğunuz defne yapraklarını kaynama suyuna atınız.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beyazlık: Beyaz çamaşırlarınızı kaynattığınız suya birkaç yumurta kabuğu atarsanız kar gibi beyaz olmalarını sağlarsınız.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sararmışsa: Çamaşırlarınızın kat yerlerinde oluşan sarı çizgileri yok etmek için, bunları çiğ sütle ıslatın. Güneşte kuruttuktan sonra yıkayın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Renk: Keten çamaşırlarınızın, nazik trikolarınızın, bluzlarınızın ilk günkü parlaklıklarını ve güzel renklerini&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;devam ettirmek istiyorsanız, son durulama suyuna beyaz sirke ilave edin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Çamur Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hiçbir zaman elbiseyi hemen fırçalamayın. Çünkü çamur lekesi genellikle kuruyunca hafif bir fırçalamayla çıkarlar. Eğer leke çıkmamakta ısrar ederse, eşit miktardaki su ve sirke karışımıyla silin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Çantalar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Deri çantalar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Çantalarınızı cilalayarak yağmur lekelerine karşı koruyun.&lt;br /&gt;- Eğer, bu kurala uymadınızsa ve yağmur çantanızda sevimsiz lekeler oluşturduysa, çantanızı kısa bir müddet kaynar su buharına tutun. Kurur kurumaz da, ihmal etmeden hemen cilalayın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Güderi çantalar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rutubet, güderi çanta ve eldivenlerinizde küf izleri oluşturabilir. Fakat gliserinle fırçalarsanız bu kusuru yok edebilirsiniz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Çay&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kumaş üzerindeki lekeler&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Beyaz kumaşta: Limon suyuyla silin. Sonra soğuk suyla durulayın.&lt;br /&gt;- Renkli kumaşta. Taze lekeyi yumurta sarısını suyla karıştırarak ovuşturun. Leke eskiyse, gliserinli suyla silmeniz gerekir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Halı üzerindeki lekeler:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eşit ölçekteki alkol ve sirke karışımıyla lekeli yerleri siliniz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Çimento Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yerdeki çimento lekelerinin üzerilerine sıcak alkol sirkesi dökün. Kuvvetli fırçaladığınızda yok olduklarını göreceksiniz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Çiklet Yapıştıysa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kendimiz çiğnemesek de elbisemize her an bir çiklet yapışması olağandır. Çikletin yapıştığı yerin tam altına isabet eden yerine naylona sarılmış bir miktar buz koyun. Biraz bekleyin buzun soğutucu etkisiyle çiklet donar. Sonra bir fırçayla bu donan çikleti fırçalarsanız, hepsi yapıştığı yerden çıkar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Çikolata Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kumaş üzerindeki leke&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Çikolata lekesini temizlemenin en iyi yolu gliserinle ovuşturup yağ emici iki kağıt arasında bir müddet bırakarak yağının iyice emilmesini sağlamaktır.&lt;br /&gt;- Eğer bu yeterli olmazsa ve lekelenen kumaş rengi bozulmayan cisten ise lekeli kısmı suyla karıştırdığınız 90 derecelik alkolle silin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Halı üzerindeki leke&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sabunlu suyla lekenin dış kısmından başlayarak içe doğru silin. Üzerine talk pudrası döküp bir müddet bekleyin. Süpürdükten sonra eşit miktarlardaki su ve alkol karışımıyla silin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Etek ve Pantolondaki Parlaklıkların Giderilmesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kabuğu soyulmuş patatesi iyice yıkadıktan sonra ikiye bölün. Bu kestiğiniz tarafı kumaşın parlak yerine sürmeye başlayın. Birkaç kez tekrarladığınız bu işlemden sonra eteğinizi kurumaya bırakın. İyice kuruduktan sonra da bir fırçayla fırçalayın. Kumaştaki parlaklıktan eser kalmadığını göreceksiniz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fondöten Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Elbisenize bulaşan fondöten leke bırakmışsa, bunu etere batırılmış bir bezle silin. Oluşan hare sabunlu suyla yıkanınca yok olacaktır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kan Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hiç denememeniz gereken usul kan lekesini çıkartmak için sıcak su kullanmaktır. Lekenin pişerek daha fazla yerleşmesine yol açar sıcak su. Oysa bazı özel yollarla kan lekelerini kolaylıkla çıkartabilirsiniz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Beyaz kumaşlarda: Lekeyi oksijenli suyla ıslatın. Sonra sabunlu ılık suda yıkayın.&lt;br /&gt;-Renkli kumaşlarda: Nişastayı suyla karıştırarak bir hamur yapın. Bunu lekeli yere sürerek kurumasını bekleyin. Sonra fırçalayarak temizleyin. Bir başka usul de aspirin tabletini azıcık suyla eritip lekeli yeri&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;bununla örtmektir. İyice kuruyunca fırçalayarak temizlersiniz.&lt;br /&gt;-Halıda kan lekesi: Lekeli yerleri beyaz sirkeyle ovuşturun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kahve Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leke henüz oluşmuşsa üzerine biraz tuz dökün.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beyaz pamuklu kumaşta:Lekeyi sabunlu su ile çıkaramazsanız, oksijenli su ile silin. Bu da yeterli olmazsa çamaşır suyu kullanmaktan başka çareniz yok demektir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Renkli kumaşta: Lekeyi çıkartmak için birkaç yol deneyebilirsiniz.&lt;br /&gt;-Lekeli kısma biraz gliserin sürün ve ılık suyla durulayın.&lt;br /&gt;Nazik kumaşlar için: Şu karışımı deneyebilirsiniz. Sıcak suya bir yumurta sarısı ve birkaç damla gliserin katın. Bununla lekeli kısmı silin ve ılık suyla durulayın.&lt;br /&gt;Halı üzerinde: Lekeli yeri, eşit miktarlardaki alkol ve beyaz sirke karışımıyla silin.&lt;br /&gt;Cilalı ahşap üzerinde: Oksijenli suyla silin. Sonra lekeli yeri cilalayın .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mermer Üzerindeki Lekeler&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Boyalı lekeler&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Meyva, kahve, içki ve nikotin lekeleri içine birkaç damla amonyak katılmış çamaşır suyuyla ovuşturulunca yok olurlar. Sonra duru suyla silmeyi ihmal etmeyin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mürekkep lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Birkaç damla amonyak ve %20 oranında oksijenli su karışımıyla lekeleri ovun. Kuruyunca mermerlerinizi yumuşak bir bezle parlatın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yağ lekeleri&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mermer üzerindeki yağ lekelerini çıkartmak için benzin kullanın. Ancak bu işi ateşten uzakta yapmayı sakın ihmal etmeyin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sararan mermerler&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sabunlu suyla silin. Sonra tuz katılmış limon suyuyla ovuşturun. Durulatıp kurutun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pas lekeleri&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oksalit asit pas lekeleri için birebirdir. Bir kaşık oksalit asidi az miktardaki sıcak su içinde eritin. Buna batırdığınız bir bezle lekeli yerleri ovun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beyaz mermerler&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bol tuz ilave edilmiş limon suyuyla ovun. Bir fanila parçasıyla parlatın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Meyva lekeleri&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beyaz kumaş üzerindeki leke&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lekeyi amonyaklı suyla yıkayın. Çıkmazsa, çamaşır suyu ilave ettiğiniz sabunlu suya batırıp lekeli kısmı ovuşturun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Renkli kumaş üzerindeki leke&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-90 derecelik alkol,&lt;br /&gt;-Amonyak ilave edilmiş oksijenli su,&lt;br /&gt;-Ekşimiş süt: İki-üç saat leke üzerinde bırakacağınız ekşimiş süt, meyva lekesini çıkartacaktır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Renkli kumaş üzerindeki meyva lekelerini bu sıraladığımız malzemelerden elinizin altında bulunanı veya kolayınıza geleni ile temizleyebilirsiniz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sentetik kumaştaki leke&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Limon suyu&lt;br /&gt;-Beyaz sirke&lt;br /&gt;-Hafif amonyaklı su&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bu malzemelerden herhangi birisine batırdığınız bir pamuk parçasıyla lekeyi silin. Ancak bu işi yapmadan önce lekeli kısmın altına bir kumaş parçası koymayı unutmayın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yünlü ve ipekli kumaştaki leke&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lekeli kısmın altına su emen bir kumaş parçası yerleştirin ve lekeyi beyaz sirkeyle silin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eldeki lekeler&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ellerinizdeki meyva lekelerini sirkeyle yıkar veya silerseniz kolayca çıkarabilirsiniz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mobilyalardaki Lekeler&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Boyalı mobilyalarda;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Su lekeleri:Mantar tıpayla ovun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sinek pisliği: Kahve telvesiyle lekeleri silin veya sirkeyle ovun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Şeker lekesi: Ilık suyla hafifçe sulndırılmış kahve telveleri kolayca temizler.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cilalı mobilyalarda;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Su lekeleri: Eşit miktardaki zeytinyağı ve 90 derecelik alkolü karıştırıp buna batıracağınız bezle ovuşturursanız lekeleri yok edebilirsiniz. Eğer mobilyanızın cilası hafif bozulduysa zeytinyağı ve sigara külü karışımına batırdığınız bir bezle daireler çizerek yenileyin cilasını.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sıcak tabak izi: Üzerine terebentin sürün ve kaynamamış ketenyağıyla ovun. Sonra temiz ve yumuşak bir bezle parlatın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mum lekeleri&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cilalı ahşapta: Bir karton parçasıyla kazıyarak mümkün olduğu kadarını çıkarın. Sonra sıcak suyla ovun. Eşit oranlardaki terebentin ve ketenyağı karışımına batırdığınız bezle lekeyi ıslatın. Kuruduktan sonra parlatın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vernikli mobilyada: Kartonla kazıdıktan sonra petrole batırdığınız bir bezle silin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Örtüde:Mumun koparabildiğiniz kadarını kaldırın örtüyü yıkayın. Kuruduktan sonra ütülerken mum lekesinin bulunduğu yeri iki kurutma kağıdı arasına koyun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mürekkep lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Deri eşya üzerinde: Biraz limon suyuyla lekeyi fırçalayın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kağıt üzerinde: Lekeli kağıdın altına kurutma kağıdı koyun. Lekenin üzerine birkaç damla oksijenli su sıkın. Sonra kuru bir pamuk parçasıyla kurutun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kumaş üzerinde:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Dayanıklı bir kumaşsa: Biraz limon suyu ve ılık sütle silin. Durulanınca leke yok olacaktır.&lt;br /&gt;-Nazik bir kumaşsa: Leke kuruyunca, üzerine talk pudrası dökün. Kaybolana kadar fırçalayın.&lt;br /&gt;-Beyaz çamaşırda: Hemen lekenin üzerine sulandırılmış hardalı yayın. Yarım saat kadar bekleyip, süngerle lekeli yeri yıkayın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mobilya üzerinde:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Eğer leke tazeyse içine çiğ süt veya limon suyu ilave ettiğiniz sıcak su yeterli olacaktır.&lt;br /&gt;-Leke eskiyse zımpara kağıdı ile kazıyın. Muntazam daireler çizerek mantar tıpayla parlatın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Parmaktaki lekeler: En etkilisi domates suyuyla ovmaktır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kırmızı mürekkep lekesi:Üzerine hardal sürüp birkaç saat öylece bırakın. Kırmızı mürekkep lekesinden sizi kurtaracak en iyi malzeme budur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nikotin&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eldeki nikotin lekeleri&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Leke belirsizse biraz limon suyu ile ovuşturmak size yeterli olacaktır.&lt;br /&gt;-Leke daha ciddiyse çamaşır suyuna başvurmanız gerekir.&lt;br /&gt;-Leke oldukça koyuysa şu hamurdan yararlanın: Bir çorba kaşığı bikoarbonat dö sud, bir çorba kaşığı ponza taşı pudrası ve birkaç damla limon suyunu karıştırın. Bununla elinizi iyice ovuşturun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kumaştaki nikotin lekesi: Leke yok olanakadar 90 derecelik alkole batırdığınız bir bezle ovun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Küllük üzerindeki lekeler: Yıkadığınız halde küllükteki lekeler çıkmadılarsa, bunları ince tuza batırdığınız bir mantar tıpayla ovun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Oje Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Aseton ile&lt;br /&gt;-Veya eşit ölçülerdeki alkol ve eter karışımı ile çıkartabilirsiniz. Her iki halde de lekenin altına 4-5 kat&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;katlanmış beyaz bir bez koyun. Lekeyi silerken bu bez kirleneceğinden, kirin elbiseye geçmemesi için, kontrol edin ve lekenin altına bezin temiz kısımlarının kaydırın. Leke hemen çıkmazsa bu işlemi bir daha tekrarlayın. Sonra asetonu uçurarak leke bırakmasını önleyin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ot Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lekeyi ıslattıktan sonra üzerine eşit miktarda sofra tuzu ve kırımtartar serpin. Güneşte kurusun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pas Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sentetik olmayan kumaşlardaki lekeler:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Tuzlu limon suyuyla ovuşturun. Sonra içine biraz amonyak katılmış suyla silin ve durulayın.&lt;br /&gt;-Lekeli kısmı suyla ıslatın ve kaynar su buharına tutun. Kuzu kulağı ile ovun, sıcak su ile durulayın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sentetik kumaşlardaki pas lekeleri: Diğer kumaşlardan daha çok dikkat gerekir, en etkili çözüm lekeli kısmı biraz limonla ovmaktır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ruj Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Ruj lekeli kumaşı etere batırılmış bir pamukla silmek ve bu işlemi birkaç kez tekrarlamak gerekir. Ancak bu işlemi yaparken ateşten uzakta durmakta fayda vardır. Eter çok yanıcı bir maddedir.&lt;br /&gt;-Lekenin üzerine sabun sürün ve bir saat öyle bırakın. Sonra yıkayın.&lt;br /&gt;-Üzerine pamukla oksijenli su damlatın. Sonra suyla durulayın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebze Ayıklarken Ellerdeki Lekeler&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebzeleri ayıklarken ellerde oluşan lekeler, ellerimizi yıkadıktan sonra bile temizlenmezler. Fakat portakal kabuğuyla ovarsak hemen kurtuluruz bu sevimsiz lekelerden.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Süt Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Yıkanabilen kumaştaysa sabunlu bezle silin.&lt;br /&gt;-Yıkanmaz kumaştaysa benzine batırılmış bir bezle bastırmadan silin. Elin hafif temasıyla benzini uçurun. Sonra ılık suda durulayın ve nemli bezle tersinden ütüleyin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Su Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bilirsiniz, su da leke yapar. İpekli ya da pamuklu kumaşlardaki su lekesini çıkartmak için lekeli yerleri bir bardak ya da şişenin dibiyle ovun. Fanilalarla yünlüleri ütülemek yeterlidir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Şarap Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beyaz kumaşta şarap lekesi:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Kumaşı bir süre kaynamakta olan süte batırın sonra yıkayın.&lt;br /&gt;-Örtünün üzerine dökülür dökülmez hemen tuz serpin. İlk yıkamada çıkacaktır. İnatçılık ederse, yıkama suyuna biraz çamaşır suyu katınız.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Renkli kumaşta şarap lekesi: Lekeli kısmı amonyaklı soğuk suya batırın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beyaz pamuklu örtüde: Hemen lekeli kısmı beyaz şarapla ıslatın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tentürdiyot Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Leke yeni ise, alkol yararlıdır. Eğer eski ise, benzin vb. şeyler ya da oksijenli su kullanılır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tereyağı lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Sentetik kumaşta: Sabunlu su yeterli olacaktır.&lt;br /&gt;-Pamuklu ve beyaz kumaşta: Yıkamadan önce kuru sabun sürtün.&lt;br /&gt;-Yünlü veya ipeklide: Talk pudrası ve tebeşir tozundan yararlanın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Terleme Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Beyaz renkli elbiselerde: Asitoksalitle silin. Durulayın, sonra oksijenli su ile silin.&lt;br /&gt;-Nazik kumaşlarda: Hafif amonyaklı veya limonlu su yeterli olabilir.&lt;br /&gt;-Yünlü kumaşta: Kumaşı birkaç saat sirkeli soğuk suda bırakarak lekeleri temizleyebilirsiniz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ütüde Sararan Çamaşır&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sararan kısmı nemlendirin. Üstüne mısır nişastası serpin. Sonra yine bir bez aracılığıyla ütünüzle kurutun. Leke yok olacaktır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bir başka yol da sararan kısmı oksijenli su ile ıslatıp, gene ütüyle kurutmaktır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yağ Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sıçrayan yağlar: Kızartma yaparken ne kadar dikkat etsek de tamamen engelleyemeyiz. Bunları temizlemek için en etkili temizleyici ispirtodur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zeytinyağı lekesini elbiseden çıkartmak için sakın su ya da kolonya kullanmayın. Hemen bir lokma ekmek içini yuvarlayıp lekenin üstünde gezdirin. Çıkacaktır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yumurta Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Yumurta lekelerini çıkartmak için suyu soğuk olarak kullanmanız şarttır.&lt;br /&gt;-Genellikle sabunlu su yeterli oluyorsa da beyaz kumaşlarınız için biraz çamaşır suyu ilave edebilirsiniz.&lt;br /&gt;-Kesik limonla lekeli yerleri ovun.&lt;br /&gt;-Suda haşlayarak ezdiğiniz bir parça patatesle ovuşturun.&lt;br /&gt;-İçinde çakıl bulunmayan nemli toprakla yumurta lekelerini silin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zamk Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Çıkartmak istediğiniz lekenin altına su emici bir kumaş parçası koyun ve lekeli kısmı beyaz sirkeye batırılmış bir bezle silin sonra durulayın.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zift Lekesi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Üstüne vazelin sürüp bir saat bekletmek sonra da lekeyi her eczaneden rahatlıkla bulabileceğiniz eterle silmeniz gerekmektedir.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-6105000354612467933?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/6105000354612467933/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=6105000354612467933' title='1 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/6105000354612467933'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/6105000354612467933'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2007/12/lekelerin-temizligi.html' title='Lekelerin Temizligi'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-9163035599651185003</id><published>2007-12-14T04:58:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-14T04:59:04.184-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Principles of Islam</title><content type='html'>PRINCIPLES OF ISLAM&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BASIC BELIEF&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to Islam you have to believe in Allah, the Angels of Allah (Malaikah), the Books of Allah (Kutubullah), the messengers of Allah, (Rusulullah), the Day of Judgement (Yawmuddin), the Supremacy of the Divine Will (Al-Qadâr ) and life after death (Akhirah). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Allah&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Allah is the name of God. Some people ascribe false attributes to Allah. We Muslims have our knowledge of Allah through what He revealed in the Holy Qura’n or through Prophet Muhammad (e , Salalahu Alihi Wasallam. SAW, peace be upon him).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Allah, there is no god save Him, the Alive, the Eternal, Neither slumber nor sleep overtakes Him. Into Him belongs what so ever is in the heavens and what so ever is in the earth. Who is he that intercedes with Him save by His leave? he knows that which is in front of them and that which is behind them, while they encompass nothing of His knowledge save that He will. His Throne includes the hwavens and the earth, and He is never weary of preserving them. He is the Sublime, the Tremendous” (Qura’n. 2:255).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“All that is in the heavens and earth glorify Allah and He is the Mighty, the Wise. His is the Sovereignty of the heavens and the earth. He ordains life and death and has power over all things. He is the First and the Last and the Inward and the Outward. He has knowledge of all things” (Qura’n. 57:1-4). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Everything will perish save His countenance. His is the command and unto Him you will be brought back”(Qura’n. 28:88).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“The Originator of the heavens and the earth, when He will a thing He only says unto it “BE” and it is (Qura’n. 2:117)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“And not an atom’s weight in the earth or in the heavens escapes your Lord’s knowledge; neither is there anything smaller than that or larger, but is recorded in a clear decree” (Qura’n. 10-61).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“He knows what you conceal and what you reveal and God knows well the (secrets) of (all) hearts. (Qura’n. 64:4).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“There is nothing like unto Him” (Qura’n. 42:11).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Angles of Allah&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The angels have been created from light, they obey Allah, carryout His will and have no free will, Angel Gibril (Gabriel) for example brought revelations from Allah to Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and other prophets. Other angels record our deeds or carryout other functions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Books of Allah &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Allah revealed Books of guidance through his prophets. Muslims believe in all the Original Books of Allah mentioned in the Qura’n, the Tawrat (Turah of Moses), the Zabur (Psalma of David), the Injil (Gospel) and Suhuf Ibrahim (the Scrollsof Abraham). The Qura’n is the only book of Allah which exists unchanged in its original form. The other Books are not in their original languages and are distorted and mixed with human words. The Qura’n was recorded as soon as it was revealed and was memorised by heart by Muslims. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Messengers of Allah &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Allah sent prophets and messengers to show people the right path there is no nation to which Allah did not send a prophet as mentioned the Qura’n (35:24). The name of 25 prophets are mentioned in the Qura’n . Example of these prophets are: Adam, Nuh, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa and Muhammad ( Peace be upon them ). All prophets and messengers preached Islam i.e. to surrender to the Will of Allah the One who has no partners. Muhammad (SAW) is the seal of prophets (Qura’n 33:40).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Al Qadar &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Allah has given man a free will. He does not force man to obey or disobey. Allah, The fact Allah knows what we are going to do does not mean that we do not have free will, knows whether man will obey or disobey.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Akhirah &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Life on earth is meant to be a preparation for the Akhirah (life after death) Life is meaningless if people of good actions are not rewarded and people of bad conduct are not punished at the Day of Judgement. Muslim believers will be rewarded for their good actions by admitting them to Janah (Paradise) Wrong-doers and unbelievers will be punished in Annar ( Hell Fire ).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PILLARS OF ISLAM&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In Islam there are five basic duties which Muslims must perform. They are known as the five pillars of Islam (Arkanul Islam). These are: Shahadah, the establishment of prayer (Salah), the payment of Zakah (paying the poor due), the Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah and Sawm Ramadan (fasting the month of Ramadan).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SHAHADA (The First Pillar of Islam) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“La llaha illal-lahu Muhammad resululah““There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah“&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This declaration is called “Shahadah”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Shahadah means that there is only One Lord, Allah, the Creator, the Organizer, the Planner and the Sustainer of the Universe. &lt;br /&gt;Shahadah means that Allah has the most Beautiful Names and Qualities mentioned by the Qur’an or Prophet Muhammad (SAW). ALL names and qualities of Allah are taken without changing their meanings or neglecting them. We should keep in mind that ”Nothing is like unto Allah” (Qura’n 42:11). Therefore, it does not meet with Majesty of Allah to be confined with a time or a place and it is not accepted that Allah existed in any of His creation including Jesus Christ (peace be upon him). &lt;br /&gt;Shahadah means that Muhammad (SAW) is the messenger of Allah, Allah Says: “Muhammad is the messenger of Allah and the seal of the prophets” (Qura’n 33:40). “And whatever the messenger (Muhammad) gives you, take it and whatever he forbids you, abstain from it”. (Qura’n 59:1). “Say (O Muhammad) if you love Allah follow me Allah loves you” (Qura’n 3:31). &lt;br /&gt;Therefore, whatever any one says may be taken or rejected as to whether his sayings are in accordance with the Book of Allah (the Qura’n) or with the tradition of prophet Muhammad (SAW) (Sayings and deeds).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In order to become a Muslim, you have to utter “Shahadah” by your tongue and your actions should confirm the meanings of Shahadah.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SALAH (The Second Pillar of Islam)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second pillar of Islam is performing Salah (prayer). The Muslim is enjoined to perform five obligatory prayers every day to keep himself in relation with his Lord, to invoke and implore Him, and to refrain himself from committing lewdness or indecency. These prayers not only ensure psychological rest to the Muslim in this present life, but they also pave the way to him to gain eternal happiness in the hereafter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To perform prayer, one should be clean, wearing clean clothes and perform prayer in a clean place.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Muslim should always cleanse himself by pure water. He should remove all traces of stool, urine, or any other dirt. Before prayer the Muslim should perform Wudu (ablution).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prayer is the pillar of religion. It succeeds in importance the Shahadah Therefore, it is not only a duty on the Muslim to observe performing prayers from his maturity up to his death, but he should also order his household to perform it. He should also order his children to start practicing it from the time when they are 7 years old so that they may be accustomed to perform it. Allah Says: " إن الصلاة كانت على المؤمنين كتابا موقوتا " النساء : من آية 103 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“enjoined on the believers.” (Qur’an 4:103).Performing prayers at fixed times has been &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The prophet (SAW) said: “The obligation which distinguishes betus and the unbelievers is prayer”. Therefore, whosoever resists prayer, becomes unbeliever. Prayer is a duty on the Muslim in all circumstances. Even if he is sick or frightened he should perform his daily prayers, standing, sitting or even lying.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The five obligatory daily prayers are the Morning Prayer (Fajr), the noon prayer (Zuhr), the afternoon prayer (Asr), the evening prayer (Maghrib) and the night prayer (Ishaa).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The time due to Morning Prayer begins at true dawn and extends until the sun rises. It should not be delayed beyond this span of time. The time for noon prayer starts from the Zawal (a little after the sun passes the meridian) and extends till one’s shadow becomes equal to its own length plus the length of its noon- time shadow. The time enjoined for afternoon prayer starts after the end of noon-prayer time and extends until the sun turns yellow. One must hasten to perform it while the sun is still bright. The time for Maghrib prayer begins soon after sunsets and lasts till the disappearance of the twilight. Its performance should not be delayed. The time for Ishaa prayer begins after the disappearance of the twilight and lasts till midnight. If a Muslim delays one of these five prayers, he commits a grievous sin. He should turn to Allah in repentance and refrain himself from recommitting it. The Qura’n warns those who delay their prayers from its fixed times"فويل للمصلين الذين هم عن صلاتهم ساهون "سورة الماعون الآية4-5 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Woe unto those who pray but delay their prayers from its stated fixed time” (Quran 107: 7-4).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Performance of Wudu (Ablution)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wudu is the act of washing those parts of the body that are generally exposed. The water should be pure clean and fresh with no change in its colour, taste and smell. Wudu is done as follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Make a full intention of performing the Wudu for offering prayer and recite. &lt;br /&gt;"بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Bismillahir – rahmanir – rahim“, (in the Name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Most Merciful). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wash hands up to the wrists three times, passing the fingers in between each other. &lt;br /&gt;Rinse your mouth with water three times. &lt;br /&gt;Rinse the nostrils with water, sniffing up water and blowing it out. &lt;br /&gt;Wash the face from the forehead to the chin bone and from ear to ear three times. &lt;br /&gt;Wash the right arm followed by the left up to elbows three times. &lt;br /&gt;Brush up the whole head with wet hands. &lt;br /&gt;Pass the wet tips of the index fingers inside and the wet tips of the thumbs outside the ears. &lt;br /&gt;Wash the feet up to the ankles three times. The right foot is washed first and then the left, taking care to wash in between the toes. &lt;br /&gt;The same Wudu may be used for several prayers. However, if a Muslim urinates, defecates, passes wind or loses his consciousness for any reason after Wudu he should re-perform it again before prayer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If a Muslim is in a state of major impurity (discharged semen in erotic dreams, or practiced intercourse … etc), he should clean his body by taking a bath. Women also should carry out this cleansing bath to purify themselves after menstruation or childbirth. Allah has disburdened women and exempted them from performing prayer during menstruation and childbirth till blood stops (for a maximum of 40 days according to some scholars or 60 days according to others).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If a Muslim is in a desert area or on a journey and finds no water, or if he fears that using water will harm him (because of sickness), he is permitted to purify himself by using good clean earth or sand instead of water. This is called, Tayammum, (purification with earth). It is done in the following way: you intend by heart to perform it, then you strike the dust (or sand) with your hands and wipe your hands over your face, your right hand by your left hand and your left hand by your right hand. Purification with earth is also permissible to women after the period of menstruation or confinement if water is not available, or if its could harm them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adhan (call to prayer)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The person who gives the Adhan is called the mu’azzin (Caller).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While calling for prayer, he stands in the Minaret or in the courtyard of the mosque, facing the Qiblah and raises his hands to his ears and calls out.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;الله اكبر (Allahu Akber) (Allah is the Greatest)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;الله اكبر Allahu Akber) (Allah is the Greatest)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;الله اكبر (Allahu Akber) (Allah is the Greates))&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;الله اكبر (Allahu Akber) (Allah is the Greatest)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;أشهد أن لا اله إلا الله (Ashhadu alla ilaha illallah) (I bear witness that there is no god but Allah)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;أشهد أن لا اله إلا الله (Ashhadu alla ilaha illallah) (I bear witness that there is no god but Allah)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;اشهد أن محمدا رسول الله (Ashhadu anna muhammader rasulllah) (Ibear witness that Muhammad is Allah’s messenger)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;اشهد أن محمدا رسول الله (Ashhadu anna muhammader rasulllah) (Ibear witness that Muhammad is Allah’s messenger)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;حي على الصلوة (Hayya ales salah) (Rush prayer)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;حي على الصلوة (Hayya ales salah) (Rush prayer)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;حي على الفلاح (Hayya alas falah) (Rush to success)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;حي على الفلاح (Hayya alas falah) (Rush to success)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;)الله اكبر Allahu Akber) (Allah is the Greatest)الله اكبر (Allahu Akber) (Allah is the Greatest)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  لا اله إلا الله  (la ilaha illallah) (here is no god but Allah)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;During the Adhan for Fajr Salah, the following is added after Hayya alal falah:الصلوة خير من النوم(Assalatu khairun minan naum) (Salah is better than sleep)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Iqamah&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Iqamah is another call to prayer said just before the actual start of Salah. The following is aid (in Arabic language): &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Allah is great twice. &lt;br /&gt;I bear witness that there is no god but Allah once. &lt;br /&gt;I bear witness that Muhammad is Allah’s Messenger once. &lt;br /&gt;Rush to prayer once. &lt;br /&gt;Rush to success once. &lt;br /&gt;The prayer has begun twice. &lt;br /&gt;Allah great twice. &lt;br /&gt;There is no god but Allah once. &lt;br /&gt;It is similar to Adhan except that after Hayya alal falah the following added: قد قامت الصلوة (Qad Qamatis salah) (the prayer has begu) &lt;br /&gt;Performance of Salah&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A prayer consists of either two, three or four Raka’at: A Raka’at is performed in the following way:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Stand erect, facing the direction of Ka’aba in makkah, and make the Niyyat (the intention) in your mind of what prayer you are about to offer, preferably uttering t to yourself, Raise both hands up to the ears and say: &lt;br /&gt;"الله اكبر "&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Allahu – Akbar”, (Allah is Great).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bring them down or place the right hand upon the left below the chest and above the navel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Recite the Opening Chapter of the Holy ura’n (the Fatiha): &lt;br /&gt;بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم . الحمد لله رب العالمين . الرحمن الرحيم . مالك يوم الدين . إياك نعبد وإياك نستعين . أهدنا الصراط المستقيم . صراط الذين أنعمت عليهم غير لمغضوب عليهم ولا الضالين . ( سورة الفاتحة .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alhamdu lillahi rabbil aalameen, ar-ahmanir-rahim, maliki yawm-id-deen, iyyaka na’abudu wa iyyaka nasta,een; ihdinas-siratal mustaqeema sirat-alla-zina an,ammta alayhim ghairil magh-doobi alayhim a-lad-daaleen (ameen).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The meaning of this glorious sura can be translated as follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Most-Merciful. Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds The Most–Merciful the Most Compassionate. The Master of the Day of Judgment: You Alone we worship, and you Alone we ask for help. Show us the straight way, the way of those whom you have blessed, who have not incurred your displeasure, nor gone astray.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These verses of Quran, and all other verses, should be recited in Arabic language.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Then recite a passage from the Holy Qur’an. For this purpose any one of the small chapters may be selected as, for instance, the chapter termed, ‘The Unity,”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(( قل هو الله أحد * الله الصمد * لم يلد ولم يولد * ولم يكن له كفوا أحد ))&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bismillahir rahmanir rahim&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Kul Huwallahu ahad, Allahus samad, lam Yalid wa lam yulad, wa lam yakun lahu kufuwan ahad”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the Name of Allah the Compassionate, the Most Merciful&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Say: He is Allah, the One, Allah, the eternally besought of all.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He begets not no is He begotten. And there is none comparable&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unto Him“.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Say: “Allaho-Akbar” and bow down in Ruk’u and say thrice: &lt;br /&gt;"سبحان ربي العظيم "&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Subhan Rabbiyal-azeem (How gloriois my Lord the Great).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Assume the standing position, letting the hands remain on the sides and say: &lt;br /&gt;" سمع الله لمن حمده "&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sami’allahu liman hamidah&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;" ربنا ولك الحمد"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rahana wa Lakal – hamd&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Allah has listened to him who has praised Him; Our Lord, praise be to you) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Saying” Allahu-Akbar” and prostrate to perform the Saidah, saying thrice: &lt;br /&gt;" سبحان ربي الأعلى"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Subhan Rabbiyal-a’la (All glory be to my Lord, the Most High)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Raise yourself sitting for a which in a reverential posture, termed Jalsah and say once. &lt;br /&gt;" اللهم اغفر لي و ارحمني"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Allahummaghfirli warhamni. (O Allah ! forgive me and have mercy upon me).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perform the second sajdah exactly in the same way as the first one. This finishes one Raka’at. &lt;br /&gt;Say “ Allahu Akbar, stand erct once again, repeat all that done in the perfomance of the first Raka’at. &lt;br /&gt;After the second Raka’at second Sajdan is over, say “Allahu-Akbar” and sit down in the reverential posture and recite. &lt;br /&gt;التحيات لله و الصلوات و الطيبات السلام عليك أيها النبي ورحمة الله و بركاته. السلام علينا و علي عباد الله الصالحين . أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله و أشهد أن محمد عبده و رسوله&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“At-tahiyyato lillahi wassalawato wat-taiyyibat. Assalamu alaika ayyuhannabiyyu wa rahmatullahi wa barakathu assalamu alaina wa’ala’ibadillah –is saliheen. Ash-hand alla ilaha illalah wa ashhadu anna Muhammadun abdubu wa rasooluh”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All Worships and praises are for Allah’s peace be upon you, O prophet, his mercy and His blessings too. Peace be on us and on all righteous servants of Allah. I testify that there is no God save Allah and testify that Muhammad is His servant and messenger.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If more than two Raka’at are to be performed, say “Allahu Akbar”, stand up again, and complete one two Raka’at as the case may be, sit down in the reverential posture which is also obviously adopted if the prayer consists of two Raka,at only. In that reverential posture, recite in addition to Tashahud, the Salawat &lt;br /&gt;اللهم صل علي محمد وعلي آل محمد كما صليت علي إبراهيم وعبي آل إبراهيم وبارك علي محمد وعلي آل محمد كما باركت علي إبراهيم وعلي آل إبراهيم انك حميد مجيد&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Allahumma salli’ala Muhammadin wa’ala ali Mihammadin kama sallayta ala Ibrahim wa’ala ali Ibrahim, wa barik ala Mihammadin wa’ala ali Muhammadin kamma barakta ala Ibrahim wa’ala ali Ibrahim, innaka hamidun majeed”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O, Allah have mercy on Muhammad and those related to Muhammad, just as You had mercy on Ibrahim and on those related to Ibrahim. O. Allah bestow Your blessings on Muhammad and on those related to Muhammad as You had bestowed it on Ibrahim and those related to Ibrahim. Surely, You are The Praisworthy, The Great.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Turn your face to the right and say السلام عليكم ورحمة الله Assalamu-alaykum wa rahmatullah (peace be upon you and the mercy of Allah). Then turn it to the let and repeat the same. Here the prayer is complete. &lt;br /&gt;Morning prayer is two rak’ast. Zuhr, Asr and Isha prayers are four rak’ats while maghrib prayer is three rak’ats. All verses of the Qura’n and other verses should be recited in Arabic. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Al-Kawthar (108)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;سورة الكوثر&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;أنا أعطيناك الكوثر * فصل لربك وأنحر * إن شانئك هو الأبتر *&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bimillàhir rahmànir&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nnà a’tainakal kawthar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fa salli lirabbika wanhar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Inna shàni’aka huwàl abtar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Maning:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;IN the name of Allah, The Compassionat the Most Merciful.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In deed we have given you the Kawther (Abundance or fountain);&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So pray to your Lord and make sacrifice.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Surely your hater is the one cut off.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Al-Mà’un (107)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;سورة الماعون&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;أرءيت الذي يكذب بالدين * فذلك الذي يدع اليتيم * ولا يحض علي طعام المسكين * فويل للمصلين * الذين هم عن صلاتهم ساهون* الذين هم يراءون * و يمنعون الماعون *&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bismilahir rahmanir rahim&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ara’ aital ladhi yukadhdhibu biddin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fadhàlikal ladhi yadu’ul yatim.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wa làyahuddu ala ta amil miskin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fawailul lil mussallin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alladhina hum ‘an salàtihim sàhun .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alladhina hum yurà wùn.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wayamna ùnal mà ùn.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Meaning:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the name of Allah, The Compassionate the Most merciful.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Have you seen him who denies religion?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is he who harshly repels the orphan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And does not urge others to feed the needy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Woe to those who pray.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But are heedless of their prayers;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Who put on a show of piety&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But refuse to give even the smallest help to others.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quraish (106)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;سورة قريش &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;لإيلف قريش *إلفهم رحلة الشتاء و الصيف * فليعبدوا رب هذا البيت * الذي أطعمهم من جوع و أمنهم من خوف *&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bismillàhir rahmànir rahim &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Li ilfi Quraishin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ilàfihim rihlatashitài was saif.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Falya’budu rabba hàthàl bait.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Allathi at’amahum min ju’in,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wa àmanhum min khawf.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Meaning:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the name of Allah, The compassionate the Most Merciful.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For the tradition of Quraish:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Their tradition of travelling in winter and summer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let them worship the Lord of this house, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Who provides them with food lest they &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Should go hungry, and with security &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lest they should live in fear.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Al-Fil (105)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;سورة الفيل &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ألم تر كيف فعل ربك بأصحاب الفيل * ألم يجعل كيدهم في تضليل * وأرسل عليهم طيراً أبابيل * ترميهم بحجارة من سجيل * فجعلهم كعصف مأكول *&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bismillàhir rahmànir rahim.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alam tara kaifa fa’ala rabbuka bi ashàbil fil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alam yaj’al kaidahum fi tadlil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wa arsala àlaihim tairàn abàbil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Armihim bihijàratin min sijjil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fa ja àlahum ka’asfin ma’kùl.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Meaning:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the name of Allah, The Compassionate the Most Merciful.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Have you not seen how your Lord has&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dealt with the people of the elephant.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Did He not cause their treacherous plan to be futile.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And send against them flights of birds,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Which pelted them with stones of sand and clay?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus He made them like devoured dry leaves.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ZAKAT (The Third Pillar of Islam)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ALLAH ordained every Muslim who possesses a certain amount a certain amount of property to pay annually of these possessions the Zakah to the poor, or to the other categories mentioned in the Quran.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The minimum amount in the gold liable to payment of zakat is 20 miskals ( miskal is equal to 4 68 grams ) and the minimum amount of Silver is 200 dirhams ( dirham is equal to 3.12 grams ) or an equivalent some of current money to these amounts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is also a minimum amount for goods of commerce liable to payment of zakat as for grains, its minimum amount is 300 saa’a (about 650 kg ) .the minimum amount for real estates prepared for sale should be estimated in accordance with its value but if the real estate is prepared for lease, the estimation is consid ered in accordance with its rent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The annual amount of Zakah fixed on money, gold, silver and goods of commerce is 2.5% As for cereals grins and fruits, the fixed amount of Zakah fixed on money, gold, silver and of 10% the crop is the yield of an easily irrigated land (i.e. a land irrigated by rivers springs or rain). On the other hand if the land is irrigated with difficulty by man mad means as pump or other lifting apparatus, the amounts of Zakah become only 5% Zakah of grains fruits and crops is due at the harvest time. In case if a land yields two or other harvests annually, one should pay the Zakah for each harvest independently the amount of Zakah due on camels, cows, and sheep is explained in books dealing with this subject. Zakah is enjoined by the Qura’n.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;وما أومرو الا ليعبدو الله مخلصين له الدين حنفاء ويقيموا الصلاة ويؤتوا الزكاة وذلك دين القيمة&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(سورة البينة : آية 5)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And they are ordered naught else than to serve Allah, in sincere devotion to pay the Zakah, that is the true religion. (Qura’n98:5)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In fact, the Zakah has a wonderful social role. It soothes the poor’s feelings, satisfies their needs, and strengthens the bonds of mutual love among poor and rich. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zakah is not the only mean that Islam has used to maintain social solidarity and cooperation among Muslims, but Islam imposed also on the rich to support the poor at times of famines. Islam prohibits the Muslim form being sated with food while his neighbor is hungry. Islam enjoined also Zakat-al-fitr (fitrfeast-Due) on all Muslims and has made it a duty on every one of them to distribute a saa (a cubic measure) of elementary substances for himself and a similar saa for each one of those whom he supports, including his servants. The amount should be distributed among the poor, before the prayer of Feast day. Islam imposed also expiatory gifts on the Muslim who commits perjury (that is to feed ten poor or clothe them, or to fast thee days, if he is unable to feed or clothe the poor). The Muslim is commanded to perform his vows, and practice voluntary charity. Allah promised to give the best reward for those who spend their money for His sake. Their reward will not only be multiplied to ten folds, but to 700 folds, or even to a boundless number.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the authority of Abu Hurairah (May Allah be pleased with him), who said:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: “There will be seven persons sheltered under the shade of Allah on the Day of Judgement when there will be no other shade be-besides His shade. They are: a just ruler; a young man who passes his youth in worship and service of Allah – the Lord of Honor and Glory ; one whose heart is perpetually attached to the mosque; two such persons who love each other for the sake of Allah, they joined together for His sake and parted for His sake; a man who is invited for sin by a rich beautiful woman but declines, saying: I fear Allah; One who gives charity in a secret way without making a show, in a way that his left hand does not know what his right hand spent; and one who remembers Allah in solitude so that his eyes overflow ( fill with tears).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Bukhari and Muslim)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SAWM RAMADAN (The Fourth Pillar of Islam)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The fourth pillar of Islam is to fast during the month of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Hijri calendar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Before the dawn of the first day of Ramadan, the Muslim in-tends to fast this month, and abstains every day from drinking, eating, or practicing sex till after the sun sets, He performs the fasting till the end of the month of Ramadan, fulfilling by that the commandment of Allah, and seeking His pleasure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fasting has innumerable benefits. When man refrains himself from lusts, abstains from eating and drinking for the sake of Allah, he does this only for one purpose; this is to obey Allah, worship Him and fill his heart with God-fearing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fasting has also innumerable hygienic, economic and social benefits which are perceived only be those who perform it with strong belief and sincere faith. The Quran states,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(( يل أيها الذين آمنوا كتب عليكم الصيام كما كتب على الذين من قبلكم لعلكم تتقون))&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;إلى قوله تعالى:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;شهر رمضان الذي أنزل فيه القران هدى للناس وبينات من الهدى والفرقان فمن شهد منكم الشهر فليصمه ومن كان مريضا أو على سفر فعدة من أيام أخر يريد الله بكم اليسر ولا يريد بكم العسر ولتكملوا لعدة ولتكبروا الله على ما هداكم ولعلكم تشكرن &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(الآيات 183-15 سورة البقرة )&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“O you who believe, fasting is prescribed for you as was prescribed for those before you, so that you may be God-fearing”… &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“The month of Ramadan, in which was revealed the Qur’an, a guidance for mankind, and clear proofs of guidance and the criterion (of right and wrong), whosoever of you is present, let him fast the month, and who is sick or on a journey let him fast the same number of other days. Allah desires for you ease; He desire not hardship for you. You should complete the period and you should magnify Allah for having guided you and you may be thankful.” (Qur’an 2: 183 – 185).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to rules of the Qur’an and the prophetic traditions it is permissible for a sick Muslim, a Muslim travelling on a journey, a menstruating woman, or a confined woman not to fast, but to make up for what they missed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Foster-mothers and pregnant women are also permitted to break their fast if fasting will harm them or their babies, but they should compensate this fully by fasting other equal days. If man drinks or eats absent-mindedly which fasting, he should get out what is still in his mouth as soon as he remembers that he is fasting. In this case his fasting is not broken and he can continue his fasting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hajj (The Fifth Pillar of Islam)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pilgrimage (Hajj) is the fifth pillar of Islam. It is a duty for a Muslim to perform pilgrimage to the House of Allah once in lifetime, however it is permissible to him to do pilgrimage voluntarily more than once.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pilgrimage has innumerable benefits:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In fulfilling this service, man expresses his devotion to Allah, not only by performing rites which need physical effort, but he expresses also his deep spiritual devotion to Allah and spends of his money for His sake. &lt;br /&gt;Pilgrimage is an annual Muslim-congress, attended by Muslims from all over the world. &lt;br /&gt;Muslims in pilgrimage meet in one place, Makkah, dressed in one uniform, worshipping Allah, the One God, and performing the same rites during the fixed period of Hijj. There is on discrimination between them since all are Allah’s bondsmen. No white man has preference over a black man, neither the rich over the poor. In this way, Muslims are acquainted one to the other, cooperate one with the other, and they remember the day when they will be resurrected and gathered before Allah who will account them for their deeds. Thus they prepare themselves for the Hereafter and do their best to obey Allah, their Lord.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Kaaba is the Qibla of all Muslims. They direct their faces towards it when they perform their prayers. It should be well-Known that all the rites of pilgrimage, as circumambulating round the kaaba, attending Arafat, Muzdalafa, and staying for several for several days in Mina have one objective that is to worship Allah according to the method He commanded during the time He fixed. Worshipping is neither dedicated to the Kaaba nor to any of these other places which are no more than objects created by Allah and that can never bring benefit or cause harm to any one. Worshipping is dedicated to Allah alone, the Lord of everything, Who alone has the Absolute Sovereignty and Power.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to Muslim faith, all forms of worshipping are enjoined by Allah and should never be based on individual judgement or taste. Therefore, hadn’t Allah commanded people to perform pilgrimage to the Sacred House at Makkah, Muslims would have never performed it. Allah say in the Qur’an:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;" ولله علي الناس حج البيت من استطاع إليه سبيلا ، ومن كفر فإن الله غني عم العالمين "&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;( آل عمران – آيه 97)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“And pilgrimage to the House is unto Allah for mankind, for him who can find a way thither. As for him who disbelieves, Allah is Independent of all creatures” (Qura’n 3:97).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Performing Umra (a lesser pilgrimage) once in lifetime is also a duty that a Muslim should fulfil either in Hajj time or in any other time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is not an indispensable duty for every Muslim to visit the Mosque of the prophet in Al-Madina in Hajj-time or in any other time, but this is an advisable deed and who performs it will be recompensed by Allah.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Muslim leaving for Madina intends to visit the mosque of the prophet. When he arrives there, he prays in mosque and then visits the tomb of the prophet (SAW). The visitor salutes the prophet politely and leaves the place adopting by that the same manner that the companions of the prophet used to do. He should not ask the prophet or supplicate for any thing from him. In fact those who supplicate the prophet (SAW) for help or ask him for what they need, are committing idolatry and the prophet is innocent of their ill deeds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After visiting the prophet’s mosque the pilgrim visitor also visits the tombs of Baqeih. He should ruin his noble pilgrimage .The prophet (saw) said: whatever flesh that comes grow out of illicit gains is rather doomed to Hell-fire. It also advisable for the pilgrimage to select a man of good faith to accompany him on the pilgrimage- journey. The pilgrim, whether travelling by car or train, assumes the Ih-ram as soon as he arrives at the miqqat (the station for Ihram), and the pilgrim by plane, assumes Ihram when he approaches the miqqat. According to prophetic traditions, there are five mawaqit (five stations for Ihram):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zul Hulaifa ( abyar ali): for pilgrims from madina. &lt;br /&gt;Al- Jahfa, place near, rabigh, for people coming from the direc-tions of Syria, egypt and maghrib. &lt;br /&gt;Qarn al- manazil, for peolep coming from najd, al-Taif and oth-er regions of that direction. &lt;br /&gt;Zat Irq, for people coming from Iraq. &lt;br /&gt;Yal, for people coming yemen. &lt;br /&gt;These mawaqit are not only people coming from the above- mentioned regions, but for those who travel by these ways.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As for inhabitants of Makkah and those who live within the area bounded by these mawaqit, they assume their Ihram from their homes? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Manner of Ihram &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is advisable for the pilgrim to take a bath to cleanse and perfume himself before assuming Ihram clothes at the miqqat. The Ihram dress for the males consists of tow simple white seamless sheets, one to be wrapped round the lions, the other to cover the upper part of the body . the head should not be covered. Women have no special dressed in wide veiling and unalluring clothes. After assuming the Ihram, a women should neither veil her face with a seamed veil, nor use any seamed gloves to cover her hands.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The pilgrim, after assuming the Ihram dress, intends by heart to perform Umra and say:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"اللهم لبيك عمرة"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Al lahum-ma labayka Omra“&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Hare ma I, O Allah at your Service intending to perform Umra“&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this way the pilgrim performs Hajj-Tamattu which is really excellent because the prophet (SAW) recommended his companions to perform this kind of Hajj. He have obliged them to abandon their Ihram clothes and make their visit to Kaaba an Umra, giving exception only to those who brought with them their “hady” (sacrifices), and carried on their Hajj by qiran, he same manner which the prophet himself adopted. The qarin (who performs Hajj by qiran) intends when he starts his pilgrimage rites by saying:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"اللهم لبيك عمرة وحج"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“AL Lahum-ma Labika Omratun wahajjan”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Here am I, O Allah, I intend to perform Umra and Hajj”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Therefore he should not abandon his Ihram clothes and Ihram restrictions till he offers up his sacrifice on the feast-day (day of Ihram molation, 10th of zul-Hijah) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After assuming the Ihram&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is forbidden for the Muslim to cohabitate with his wife, kiss, or touch her lustfully. During the Ihram period the pilgrim is also not allowed to marry or prose to a lady. &lt;br /&gt;It is also forbidden to the Muslim to remove or trim his hair from any part of the body. &lt;br /&gt;Similarly paring the nails of hands and toes is also forbidden. &lt;br /&gt;A man in Ihram should not cover his head, however, it is permissible for him to be shaded by an umbrella o sit in the shadow of a tent or a tree. &lt;br /&gt;During the Ihram one is not allowed to apply perfume to his body or garments and even to smell it. &lt;br /&gt;It is forbidden during the Ihram to kill animal of game or to help others to do so. &lt;br /&gt;The male pilgrim is not allowed to wear tailored clothes during the period of Ihram; instead of shoes he can use sandals. Women should not wear seamed veils on their faces or gloves on their hands. &lt;br /&gt;As soon as the pilgrim arrives the Kaaba The Holy House of Allah, he circumambulates it seven rounds for the “Tawaf-Al Qodoum” (circumambulation of arrival). He starts the tawaf from near the black stone. That is his Umra tawaf; the pilgrim can invoke Allah by whatever prayers he likes. (1)After terminating the seven rounds of tawaf he moves to the station of Ibrahim, where or some where in the vicinity, he performs a two raka at prayer of the tawaf.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The pilgrim proceeds after that to the s’ay. He stars by mounting the eminence Al-Safa and faces the Qibla saying “Allahu Akbar, La Ilaha Ilallah”, and invokes Alah by whatever prayers he likes. Then, he walks to the eminence of Al-Marwa, mounts it, faces the Qibla, saying Allahu Akbar, invokes Allah, then reeturns to the eminence of Al-Safa, then repeats his walking from Safa to Marwa and vice versa till he terminates seven going and returning rounds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The pilgrim who performs pilgrimage by tamattu, gets his hair shaven or trimmde after completing his Sa^y. For women, it is enough to trim a small part of their hair as long as a fingertip. In this way the pilgrim completes his Umra, discards his Ihram and is authorized to practise all the matters forbidden to him during Ihram duration.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If woman menstruates or gives birth or after Ihram, she becomes qarinah and performs Hajj by qiran. Therefore, she would intend to perform hajj and Umra combined in one Ihram. Menstruation and confinement do not forbid the woman from doing any of the acts of Hajj except circumambulating round the Holy House, which she should postpone until she becomes clean.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If she gets clean before people assume their Ihram, she takes a cleansing bath, join them when they assume their Ihram, and perform with them the rituals of Hajj. But if her cleanness from menses occurs at a later time, she combines Hajj and Umrra in one Ihram, performs all the rituals of Hajj, including staying in Mina, standing in Arafat, going to Muzdalifa, pelting, offering the sacrifice and trimming her hair on feast day. But she could not circumambulate the Holy House till she is clean. When she gets clean, she takes a cleansing bath and performs Circumambulating round the ka’ba and S’ay, hence, fulfilling both Hajj and Umra. This was the method adopted by the mother of believers, Aisha, according to the directions of the prophet (SAW). The prophet affirmed by his deeds and saying that the qarin combines Hajj and Umra and fulfils them both by performing one circumambulation and one S’ay. The prophet himself performed hajj in accordance with this manner and said “Umra is inserted in Hajj until the Doomsday”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the 8th day of Zul-Hijja, the pilgrims assume Ihram from their settlements in Makkah in the same manner they had done before at the miqqat. The pilgrim, whether be a man or a woman, in tends to perform Hajj by saying:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"اللهم لبيك حجا"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“ Allahuma labayka Hajjan”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Here am I My Lord, I intend to perform Hajj“&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The pilgrim refrains himself from practicing any of the actions forbidden during the Ihram period in the same way that it has been explained before. Then he proceeds with other pilgrims to Mina to pass the night there. The pilgrim should perform his prayers there in time. He is permitted to shorten his prayers but not to combine one of them with the other. On the morning of Arafa (9th Zul-Hijja), the pilgrims go to Namira mosque to perform in congregation the Zuhr (noon) and Asr (Afternoon) prayers combined together. By noon, they proceed to Arafat to stay there till sunset praying, supplicating Allah, and asking Him for forgiveness. The pilgrim can stand at any place in the valley of Afafat because the whole of Arafat is reserved for wuquf (standing). He should turn his face while praying and supplicating towards the Qibla and not towards the mount of Arafat. The pilgrim should be aware that climbing the mount is not a ritual service. The pilgrim should be aware that climbing the mount is not a ritual service, and that wiping oneself with its stones is a heretical deed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After sunset, the pilgrims proceed to Muzdalafa where they perfrom Maghrib (evening) and Isha (night) prayers combined together, and shortening only Isha prayer. They spend the night there, and next day they perform the fajr (morning) prayer at dawn and leave to Mina before sunrise. When they arrive there, they pelt “Jamraat-AlAkaba “ by seven pebbles each one of which should not be larger than a chickpea. One should observe strictly the guidance and orders of the prophet to overcome the allurement of the Satan and avoid devious actions as pelting the “Jamra” by shoes and any other action which is not in accordance with the commandments of Allah or the traditions of the prophet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After pelting Jamrat-Al-Aqaba, the pilgrim offers his sacrifice shaves or shortens his hair, but it is better to have it shaven rather than having it shortened. Women slightly trim off parts of their hair. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After that, the pilgrim can discard Ihram clothes and perform all the acts which were forbidden during the Ihram period except sexual intercourse. Then pilgrim heads to Makkah, performs Tawaf Al-Ifabha, and the Sa’y hence, he discards his Ihram completely and is allowed to perform all the acts that were forbidden during the Ihram period with no exception.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The pilgrim returns to Mina, to stay there for three successive days (the Feast Day and the following two days). He spends the nights of these days at Mina at noon he pelts the thrJamrats (on the 11th and 12th of Zul-Hijja). He starts by pelting Al-Jamratu Al-Sugrah (The small Jamra), then Al-Jamratu –al Wusta (The medium Jamra) and finally Jamrat Al-Akaba, Which he had pelted before on the morning of the Feast Day. Each one of these Jamrats is pelted by seven pebbles. The pilgrim has the choice after that, either to leave Mina on the 12th of Zul-Hijja or stay there till next day. It is better to stay till next day and perform pelting by noon. The final thing that a pilgrim should do, before leaving Makkah, is to perform “Tawaf Al-Wadaa” (Tawaf of Departure). However women menstruating or giving childbirth are allowed to leave Makkah without performing Tawaf Al Wadaa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Offering the slaughter can be done also on the 11th, 12th or 13th of Zul-Hijja and Tawaf-al-ifada can also be postponed till the pilgrim leaves Mina, but it is better to perform the rituals in accordance with the order and times which are mentioned before.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-9163035599651185003?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/9163035599651185003/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=9163035599651185003' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/9163035599651185003'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/9163035599651185003'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2007/12/principles-of-islam.html' title='Principles of Islam'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-4236947371318154857</id><published>2007-12-14T04:46:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-14T04:47:23.929-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Endnotes</title><content type='html'>1. What is meant by Torah are the first five books of the Bible, in other words the Pentateuch of Moses (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Pub. Ancora, Rome.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Pub. Cerf, Paris &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Pub. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris "Que sais-je?" collection&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Translator's Note: Published December 1975 by Les Editions du Cerf and Les Bergers et les Mages, Paris&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. So called because God is named Yahweh in this text. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. So called because God is named Elohim in this text.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;8. From the preachers in the Temple at Jerusalem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;9. Paris, 1974 edition, Vol. a, pp. 246-263.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;10. We shall see in the next chapter, when confronted with modern scientific data, the extent of the narrative errors committed by authors of the Sacerdotal version on the subject of the antiquity of man on Earth, his situation in time and the course of the Creation. They are obviously errors arising from manipulation of the texts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;11. Pub. w. M. Collins &amp; Sons for the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1952.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;12. No. 38, 1974, pp. 95-112)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;13. Introduction to Genesis, page 35.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;14. Ibid., page 34&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;15. Pub. Le Centurion, Paris&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;16. Pub. Le Centurion, 1966, Paris&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;17. Pub. Editions du Seuil, Paris, 1973&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;18. Pub. Desclée and Co., Paris. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;19. Pub. Editions du Cerf, Paris&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;20. Pub. Beauchesne, Coll. 'Le Point théologique'. Paris. 1974 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;21. Pious XII was Pope from 1939 to 1959&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;22. One could note here that all these writings were later to be classed as Apocrypha, i.e. they had to be concealed by the victorious Church which was born of Paul's success. This Church made obvious excisions in the Gospel literature and retained only the four Canonic Gospels.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;23. Pub. Editions du Cerf et Les Bergers et les Mages, Paris.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;24. Pub. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1967&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;25. The three Gospels of Mark, Matthew and Luke.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;26. The fact that it is in contradiction with Luke's Gospel will be dealt with in a separate chapter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;27. The Samaritans' religious code was the Torah or Pentateuch; they lived in the expectation of the Messiah and were faithful to most Jewish observances, but they had built a rival Temple to the one at Jerusalem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;28. It has been thought that the Judeo-Christian community that Matthew belonged to might just as easily have been situated at Alexandria. O. Culmann refers to this hypothesis along with many others.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;29. An American film which parodies the life of Jesus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;30. In another part of his Gospel Matthew again refers to this episode but without being precise about the time (16, 1-4). The same is true for Luke (11, 29-32). We shall see later on how in Mark, Jesus is said to have declared that no sign would be given to that generation (Mark 8, 11-12).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;31. It is not possible to establish a comparison with John because he does not refer to the institution of the Eucharist during the Last Supper prior to the Passion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;32. Words.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;33. Nestlé-Aland Pub. United Bible Societies, London, 1971&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;34. The Gospels sometimes refer to Jesus's 'brothers' and 'sisters' (Matthew l3, 46-60 and 64-68; Mark 6, 1-6; John 7, 3 and 2, 12). The Greek words used, adelphoi and adelphai, indeed signify biological brothers and sisters; they are most probably a defective translation of the original Semitic words which just mean 'kin'. in this instance they were perhaps cousins.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;35. A. Tricot, Little Dictionary of the New Testament (Petit Dictionnaire du Nouveau Testament in "La Sainte Bible", Desclée, Pub. Paris)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;36. Pub. Desclée, coll. 'Parole et Prière', Paris.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;37. Pub. Editions du Seuil, Paris.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;38. Although the author assures us that he knows of the existence of these supposed family archives from the Ecclesiastic History by Eusebius Pamphili (about whose respectability much could be said), it is difficult to see why Jesus's family should have two genealogical trees that were necessarily different just because each of the two so-called 'historians' gave a genealogy substantially different from the other concerning the names of those who figure among Jesus's ancestors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;39. 'No other New Testament author can claim that distinction', he notes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;40. It is difficult to see how there could have been!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;41. i.e. the eleven Apostles; Judos, the twelfth, was already dead.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;42. In fact, for John it was during the Last Supper itself that Jesus delivered the long speech that mentions the Paraclete.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;43. Nestlé and Aland. Pub. United Bibles Societies, London, 1971.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;44. This manuscript was written in the Fourth or Fifth century A.D. It was discovered in 1812 on Mount Sinai by Agnes S.-Lewis and is so named because the first text had been covered by a later one which, when obliterated, revealed the original.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;45. Many translations and commentaries of the Gospel, especially older ones, use the word 'Consoler' to translate this, but it is totally inaccurate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;46. At a certain period of history, hostility to Islam, in whatever shape or form, even coming from declared enemies of the church, was received with the most heartfelt approbation by high dignitaries of the Catholic Church. Thus Pope Benedict XIV, who is reputed to have been the greatest Pontiff of the Eighteenth century, unhesitatingly sent his blessing to Voltaire. This was in thanks for the dedication to him of the tragedy Mohammed or Fanaticism (Mahomet ou le Fanatisme) 1741, a coarse satire that any clever scribbler of bad faith could have written on any subject. In spite of a bad start, the play gained sufficient prestige to be included in the repertoire of the Comédie-Francaise.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;47. Lumen Gentium is the title of a document produced by the Second Vatican Council (1962-1966) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;48. God.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;49. Translators of the Qur'an, even famous ones, have not resisted the secular habit of putting into their translations things that are not really in the Arabic text at all. One can indeed add titles to the text that are not in the original without changing the text itself, but this addition changes the general meaning. R. Blachère, for example, in his well-known translation (Pub. Maisonneuve et Larose, Paris, 1966, page 115) inserts a title that does not figure in the Qur'an: Duties of the Holy War (Obligations de la guerre sainte). This is at the beginning of a passage that is indisputably a call to arms, but does not have the character that has been ascribed to it. After reading this, how can the reader who only has access to the Qur'an via translations fail to think that a Muslim's duty is to wage holy war?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;50. Muhammad's departure from Makka to Madina, 622 A.D.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;51. Muhammad was totally overwhelmed by these words. We shall return to an interpretation of them, especially with regard to the fact that Muhammad could neither read nor write.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;52. In the text: Qur'an which also means 'reading'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;53. The absence of diacritical marks, for example, could make a verb either active or passive and in some instances, masculine or feminine. More often than not however, this was hardly of any great consequence since the context indicated the meaning in many instances.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;54. The Biblical description mentioned here is taken from the so-called Sacerdotal version discussed in the first part of this work; the description taken from the so-called Yahvist version has been compressed into the space of a few lines in today s version of the Bible and is too insubstantial to be considered here.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;55. 'Sabbath' in Hebrew means 'to rest'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;56. See table on last page of present work for equivalence between Latin and Arabic letters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;57. It is to be noted that while the Bible calls both Sun and Moon 'lights', here, as always in the Qur'an, they are differently named; the first is called 'Light' (nur) and the second is compared in this verse to a 'lamp (siraj) producing light'. We shall see later how other epithets are applied to the Sun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;58. Apart from the Qur'an, we often find the number 7 meaning plurality in texts from Muhammad's time, or from the first centuries following him, which record his words (hadiths).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;59. This statement that the Creation did not make God at all weary stands out as an obvious reply to the Biblical description, referred to in the first part of the present book, where God is said to have rested on the seventh day from the preceding days' work!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;60. As regards the Moon, its gradual separation from the Earth following the deceleration of its rotation is an acknowledged probability.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;61. This text completely overshadows the few lines contained in the Yahvist version. The latter is too brief and too vague for the scientist to take account of it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;62. Pub. Presses Universitaries de France, Paris, 1952.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;63. I have often heard those who go to great lengths to find a human explanation-and no other-to all the problems raised by the Qur'an Bay the following: "if the Book contains surprising statements on astronomy, it is because the Arabs were very knowledgeable on this subject." In so doing they forget the fact that, in general, science in Islamic countries is very much post-Qur'an, and that the scientific knowledge of this great period would in any case not have been sufficient for a human being to write some of the verses to be found in the Qur'an. This will be shown in the following paragraphs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;64. Here, the sky and a star are used to bear witness to the importance of what is to come in the text.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;65. It is known that when a meteorite arrives at the upper layers of the atmosphere, it may produce the luminous phenomenon of a 'shooting star'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;66. Pub. Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, Lahore (Pakistan)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;67. This verse is followed by an invitation to recognize God's blessings. It forms the subject of the whole of the sura that bears the title 'The Beneficent'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;68. Whenever the pronoun 'We' appears in the verses of the text quoted here, it refers to God.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;69. 1. The city of Sanaa, the capital of the Yemen, was inhabited in Muhammad's time. It lies at an altitude of nearly 7,900 feet above sea level.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;70. It is secreted by the reproductive glands and contains spermatozoons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;71. We saw in the Introduction to the third part of this book what one was expected to believe about predestination in its application to man himself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;72. One might note in passing, that this last verse is the only one in the Qur'an that refers to the possibility of a remedy for man. Honey can indeed be useful for certain diseases. Nowhere else in the Qur'an is a reference made to any remedial arts, contrary to what may have been said about this subject.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;73. Pub. Flammarion, 1972, Paris.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;74. It makes this journey over a period of six months, and comes back to its departure point with a maximum delay of one week.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;75. Pub. G. P. Maisonneuve et Larose, 1966, Paris, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;76. Pub. Club Français du Livre, 1971, Paris.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;77. It is estimated that in one cubic centinletre of sperm there are 25 million spermatozoons with, under normal conditions, an ejaculation of several cubic centimetres.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;78. God is speaking&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;79. In another verse (sura 6, verse 98) a place of sojourn is mentioned. It is expressed in a term very similar to the preceding one and would also seem to signify the maternal uterus. Personally, I believe this to be the meaning of the verse, but a detailed interpretation would involve much lengthier explanation which is beyond the scope of this book.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;80. Now that certain notions concerning the chronology of ancient times have been established, and the imaginary dates given by the authors of the Sacerdotal text of the Old Testament are no longer credible, those dates have quickly been suppressed in Bibles. In the case of those genealogies that have been preserved, modern commentators of books intended for mass publication fail to draw the readers' attention to the errors they contain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;81. Surely 'seven' here indicates 'many', as it often does in the Semitic languages of the time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;82. We shall later see that the figure has been grossly exaggerated.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;83. In Hebrew 'yam souf'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;84. We shall return to this subject later, when we call upon Father de Vaux's help in &lt;br /&gt;examining this reference in Kings I.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;85. Pub. Delachaux and Niestlé, Neufchatel, 1959.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;86. The skin lesions are clearly visible on the mummies of these Pharaohs preserved in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;87. Pub. Desclée de Brouwer, 1970, Paris. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;88. Pub. J. Gabalda and Co., 1971, Paris.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;89. There can be no doubt that in the Golden Age of the ptolemies, historical documents on Antiquity were preserved at Alexandria, only to be destroyed at the time of the Roman conquest; a loss which is keenly felt today.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;90. In the Holy Histories of the early 20th century, as in the History by Abbe H. Lesetre, intended for religious instruction, the Exodus is mentioned as having taken place during Merneptah's reign in Egypt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;91. Pub. Delachaux and Niestlé, Neuchatel, 1959.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;92. The letter 'e' figures as the ayin in Hebrew.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;93. It is strange to note moreover, that in old editions of the Bible, commentators did not understand the meaning of the word at all. In the French edition of the Clementine Bible, 1621, for example, an interpretation of the word 'Ramesses' is given which makes total nonsense: 'Thunder of Vermin' (sic).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;94. The period spanning the two reigns Sethos I-Ramesses II, which is said to have lasted roughly eighty years, is out of the question: Sethos I's reign-which was too short for this-does not square with the very long stay in Midian which Moses made as an adult and which took place during the reign of the first of the two Pharaohs he was to know.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;95. The word is followed by a generic determinative which leaves no doubt as to the fact that this term signifies a 'human community or group'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;96. In his book 'The Ancient History of Israel' (Histoire ancienne d'Israël)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;97. "The name 'Israel' (in the stele) is accompanied by the generic determinative 'people' instead of the determinative 'country', as is the case for the other proper names in the stele" writes Father B. Couroyer, Professor at the Biblical School of Jerusalem, in his commentary to the translation of the Book of Exodus (Pub. Editions du Cerf, Paris, 1968, page 12).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;98. L'Exode (Exodus), 1968, page 73, Pub. Les Editions du Cerf, Paris.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;99. There can be no doubt that this commentator is referring to the Bible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;100. November, 1975 for the First French edition.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;101. The mummy of Ramesses II, who was another witness to Moses's story, has been the subject of a study comparable to the one carried out on the mummy of Merneptah; the same restoration work is required for it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;102. Pub. Sethi Straw Board Mills (Conversion) Ltd and Taleem-ul-Qur'an Trust, Gujranwala, Cantt. Pakistan. 1st edition 1971, for Sahih Al Bukhari.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;103. Muslim specialists designate the first by the word Zanni and the second by the word Qat'i.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;104. The Hegira was in 622, ten years before Muhammad's death.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;105. The truth of the hadiths, from a religious point of view, is beyond question. When they deal, however, with earthly affairs there is no difference between the Prophet and other humans. One hadith gives an account of an utterance of the Prophet: "Whenever I command you to do something related to Religion do obey, and if I command you something according to my own opinion (do remember this) I am a human being". &lt;br /&gt;Al Saraksi in his 'Principles' (Al Usul) transmitted this statement as follows: "If I bring something to you on your religion, do act according to it, and if I bring you something related to this world, then you have a better knowledge of your own earthly affairs".&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-4236947371318154857?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/4236947371318154857/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=4236947371318154857' title='1 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/4236947371318154857'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/4236947371318154857'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2007/12/endnotes.html' title='Endnotes'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-4964498560578060600</id><published>2007-12-14T04:46:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-14T04:46:48.023-08:00</updated><title type='text'>General Conclusions</title><content type='html'>At the end of this study, a fact that stands forth very clearly is that the predominant opinion held in the West on the TExts of the Holy Scriptures we possess today is hardly very realistic. We have seen the conditions, times and ways in which the elements constituting the Old Testament, the Gospels and the Qur'an were collected and written down: the circumstances attendant upon the birth of the Scriptures for these three Revelations differed widely in each case, a fact which had extremely important consequences concerning the authenticity of the texts and certain aspects of their contents.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Old Testament represents a vast number of literary works written over a period of roughly nine hundred years. It forms a highly disparate mosaic whose pieces have, in the course of centuries, been changed by man. Some parts were added to what already existed, so that today it is sometimes very difficult indeed to identify where they came from originally.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Through an account of Jesus's words and deeds, the Gospels were intended to make known to men the teachings he wished to leave them on completion of his earthly mission. Unfortunately, the authors of the Gospels were not eyewitnesses of the data they recorded. They were spokesmen who expressed data that were quite simply the information that had been preserved by the various Judeo-Christian communities on Jesus's public life, passed down by oral traditions or writings which no longer exist today, and which constituted an intermediate stage between the oral tradition and the definitive texts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is the light in which the Judeo-Christian Scriptures should be viewed today, and-to be objective-one should abandon the classic concepts held by experts in exegesis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The inevitable result of the multiplicity of sources is the existence of contradictions and oppositions: many examples have been given of these. The authors of the Gospels had (when talking of Jesus) the same tendency to magnify certain facts as the poets of French Medieval literature in their narrative poems. The consequence of this was that events were presented from each individual narrator's point of view and the authenticity of the facts reported in many cases proved to be extremely dubious. In view of this, the few statements contained in the Judeo-Christian Scriptures which may have something to do with modern knowledge should always be examined with the circumspection that the questionable nature of their authenticity demands. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Contradictions, improbabilities and incompatibilities with modern scientific data may be easily explained in terms of what has just been said above. Christians are nevertheless very surprised when they realize this, so great have been the continuous and far-reaching efforts made until now by many official commentators to camouflage the very obvious results of modern studies, under cunning dialectical acrobatics orchestrated by apologetic lyricism. A case in point are the genealogies of Jesus given in Matthew and Luke, which were contradictory and scientifically unacceptable. Examples have been provided which reveal this attitude very clearly. John's Gospel has been given special attention because there are very important differences between it and the other three Gospels, especially with regard to the fact that his Gospel does not describe the institution of the Eucharist: this is not generally known.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'anic Revelation has a history which is fundamentally different from the other two. It spanned a period of some twenty years and, as soon as it was transmitted to Muhammad by Archangel Gabriel, Believers learned it by heart. It. was also written down during Muhammad's life. The last recensions of the Qur'an were effected under Caliph Uthman starting some twelve years after the Prophet's death and finishing twenty-four years after it. They had the advantage of being checked by people who already knew the text by heart, for they had learned it at the time of the Revelation itself and had subsequently recited it constantly. Since then, we know that the text has been scrupulously preserved. It does not give rise to any problems of authenticity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an follows on from the two Revelations that preceded it and is not only free from contradictions in its narrations, the sign of the various human manipulations to be found in the Gospels, but provides a quality all of its own for those who examine it objectively and in the light of science i.e. its complete agreement with modern scientific data. What is more, statements are to be found in it (as has been shown) that are connected with science: and yet it is unthinkable that a man of Muhammad's time could have been the author of them. Modern scientific knowledge therefore allows us to understand certain verses of the Qur'an which, until now, it has been impossible to interpret.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The comparison of several Biblical and Qur'anic narrations of the same subject shows the existence of fundamental differences between statements in the former, which are scientifically unacceptable, and declarations in the latter which are in perfect agreement with modern data: this was the case of the Creation and the Flood, for example. An extremely important complement to the Bible was found in the text of the Qur'an on the subject of the history of the Exodus, where the two texts were very much in agreement with archaeological findings, in the dating of the time of Moses. Besides, there are major differences between the Qur'an and the Bible on the other subjects: they serve to disprove all that has been maintained-without a scrap of evidence-concerning the allegation that Muhammad is supposed to have copied the Bible to produce the text of the Qur'an.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When a comparative study is made between the statements connected with science to be found in the collection of hadiths, which are attributed to Muhammad but are often of dubious authenticity (although they reflect the beliefs of the period), and the data of a similar kind in the Qur'an, the disparity becomes so obvious that any notion of a common origin is ruled out.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In view of the level of knowledge in Muhammad's day, it is inconceivable that many of the statements In the Qur'an which are connected with science could have been the work of a man. It is, moreover, perfectly legitimate, not only to regard the Qur'an as the expression of a Revelation, but also to award it a very special place, on account of the guarantee of authenticity it provides and the presence in it of scientific statements which, when studied today, appear as a challenge to explanation in human terms.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-4964498560578060600?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/4964498560578060600/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=4964498560578060600' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/4964498560578060600'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/4964498560578060600'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2007/12/general-conclusions.html' title='General Conclusions'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-2457706519207659017</id><published>2007-12-14T04:45:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-14T04:46:25.811-08:00</updated><title type='text'>The Qur'an, Hadith and Modern Science</title><content type='html'>The Qur'an, Hadith and Modern Science&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an does not constitute the sole source of doctrine and legislation in Islam. During Muhammad's life and after his death, complementary information of a legislative nature was indeed sought in the study of the words and deeds of the Prophet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although writing was used in the transmission of hadith from the very beginning, a lot of this came also from the oral tradition. Those who undertook to assemble them in collections made the kind of enquiries which are always very taxing before recording accounts of past events. They nevertheless had a great regard for accuracy in their arduous task of collecting information. This is illustrated by the fact that for all of the Prophet's sayings, the most venerable collections always bear the names of those responsible for the account, going right back to the person who first collected the information from members of Muhammad's family or his companions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A very large number of collections of the Prophet's words and deeds thus appeared under the title of Hadiths. The exact meaning of the word is 'utterances', but it is also customary to use it to mean the narration of his deeds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some of the collections were made public in the decades following Muhammad's death. Just over two hundred years were to pass before some of the most important collections appeared. The most authentic record of the facts is in the collections of Al Bukhari and Muslim, which date from over two hundred years after Muhammad and which provide a wider trustworthy account. In recent years, a bilingual Arabic/English edition has been provided by Doctor Muhammed Muhsin Khan, of the Islamic University of Madina.[102] Al Bukhari's work is generally regarded as the most authentic after the Qur'an and was translated into French (1903-1914) by Houdas and Marcais under the title Les Traditions Islamiques (Islamic Traditions). The Hadiths are therefore accessible to those who do not speak Arabic. One must, however, be wary of certain translations made by Europeans, including the French translation, because they contain inaccuracies and untruths which are often more of interpretation than of actual translation. Sometimes, they considerably change the real meaning of a hadith, to such an extent indeed that they attribute a sense to it which it does not contain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As regards their origins, some of the hadiths and Gospels have one point in common which is that neither of them was compiled by an author who was an eyewitness of the events he describes. Nor were they compiled until some time after the events recorded. The hadiths, like the Gospels, have not all been accepted as authentic. Only a small number of them receive the quasi-unanimous approval of specialists in Muslim Tradition so that, except al-Muwatta, Sahih Muslim and Sahih al-Bukhari, one finds in the same book, hadiths presumed to be authentic side by side with ones which are either dubious, or should be rejected outright.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In contrast to Canonic Gospels which though questioned by some modern scholars but which have never been contested by Christian high authorities, even those hadiths that are most worthy to be considered as authentic have been the subject of criticism. Very early in the history of Islam, masters in Islamic thought exercised a thorough criticism of the hadiths, although the basic book (The Qur'an) remained the book of reference and was not to be questioned. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I thought it of interest to delve into the literature of the hadiths to find out how Muhammad is said to have expressed himself, outside the context of written Revelation, on subjects that were to be explained by scientific progress in following centuries. Al-though Sahih Muslim is also an authentic collection, in this study 1 have strictly limited myself to the texts of the hadiths which are generally considered to be the most authentic, i.e. those of Al Bukhari. I have always tried to bear in mind the fact that these texts were compiled by men according to data received from a tradition which was partially oral and that they record certain facts with a greater or lesser degree of accuracy, depending on the individual errors made by those who transmitted the narrations. These texts are different from other hadiths which were transmitted by a very large number of people and are unquestionably authentic.[103]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I have compared the findings made during an examination of the hadiths with those already set out in the section on the Qur'an and modern science. The results of this comparison speak for themselves. The difference is in fact quite staggering between the accuracy of the data contained in the Qur'an, when compared with modern scientific knowledge, and the highly questionable character of certain statements in the hadiths on subjects whose tenor is essentially scientific. These are the only hadiths to have been dealt with in this study.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hadiths which have as their subject the interpretation of certain verses of the Qur'an sometimes lead to commentaries which are hardly acceptable today. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We have already seen the great significance of one verse (sura 36, verse 36) dealing with the Sun which "runs its course to a settled place". Here is the interpretation given of it in a hadith: "At sunset, the sun . . . prostrates itself underneath the Throne, and takes permission to rise again, and it is permitted and then (a time will come when) it will be about to prostrate itself . . . it will ask permission to go on its course . . . it will be ordered to return whence it has come and so it will rise in the West . . ." (Sahih Al Bukhari). The original text (The Book of the Beginning of the Creation, Vol. IV page 283, part 54, chapter IV, number 421) is obscure and difficult to translate. This passage nevertheless contains an allegory which implies the notion of a course the Sun runs in relation to the Earth: science has shown the contrary to be the case. The authenticity of this hadith is doubtful (Zanni).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another passage from the same work (The Book of the Beginning of the Creation, vol. IV page 283, part 54, chapter 6, number 430) estimates the initial stages in the development of the embryo very strangely in time: a forty-day period for the grouping of the elements which are to constitute the human being, another forty days during which the embryo is represented as 'something which clings', and a third forty-day period when the embryo is designated by the term 'chewed flesh'. Once the angels have intervened to define what this individual's future is to be, a soul is breathed into him. This description of embryonic evolution does not agree with modern data.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Whereas the Qur'an gives absolutely no practical advice on the remedial arts, except for a single comment (sura 16, verse 69) on the possibility of using honey as a therapeutic aid (without indicating the illness involved), the hadiths devote a great deal of space to these subjects. A whole section of Al Bukhari's collection (part 76) is concerned with medicine. In the French translation by Houdas and Marcais it goes from page 62 to 91 of volume 4, and in Doctor Muhammad Muhsin Khan's bilingual Arabic/English edition from page 395 to 452, of volume VII. There can be no doubt that these pages contain some hadiths which are conjectural (Zanni), but they are interesting as a whole because they provide an outline of the opinions on various medical subjects that it was possible to hold at the time. One might add to them several hadiths inserted in other parts of Al Bukhari's collection which have a medical tenor. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is how we come to find statements in them on the harms caused by the Evil Eye, witchcraft and the possibility of exorcism; although a certain restriction is imposed on the paid use of the Qur'an for this purpose. There is a hadith which stresses that certain kinds of date may serve as protection against the effects of magic, and magic may be used against poisonous snakebites.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We should not be surprised however to find that at a time when there were limited possibilities for the scientific use of drugs, people were advised to rely on simple practices; natural treatments such as blood-letting, cupping, and cauterization, head-shaving against lice, the use of camel's milk and certain seeds such as black cumin, and plants such as indian Qust. It was also recommended to burn a mat made of palm-tree leaves and put the ash from it into a wound to stop bleeding. In emergencies, all available means that might genuinely be of use had to be employed. It does not seem-a priori-to be a very good idea, however, to suggest that people drink camel's urine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is difficult today to subscribe to certain explanations of subjects related to various illnesses. Among them, the following might be mentioned:&lt;br /&gt;--the origins of a fever. there are four statements bearing witness to the fact that "fever is from the heat of hell" (Al Bukhari, The Book of Medicine, vol. VII, chapter 28, page 416). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--the existence of a remedy for every illness: "No disease God created, but He created its treatment" (Ibid. chapter 1, page 396). This concept is illustrated by the Hadith of the Fly. "If a fly falls into the vessel of any of you, let him dip all of it (into the vessel) and then throw it away, for in one of its wings there is a disease and in the other there is healing (antidote for it). i.e. the treatment for that disease" (Ibid. chapter 15-16, pages 462-463, also The Book of the Beginning of Creation part 54, chapters 15 &amp; 16.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--abortion provoked by the sight of a snake (which can also blind). This is mentioned in The Book of the Beginning of Creation, Vol. IV(chapter 13 and 14, pages 330 &amp; 334).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--haemorrhages between periods. The Book of Menses (Menstrual Periods) Vol. VI, part 6, pages 490 &amp; 495 contains two hadiths on the cause of haemorrhages between periods (chapters 21 &amp; 28). They refer to two women: in the case of the first, there is a description (undetailed) of the symptoms, with a statement that the haemorrhage comes from a blood vessel; in the second, the woman had experienced haemorrhages between periods for seven years, and the same vascular origin is stated. One might suggest hypotheses as to the real causes of the above, but it is not easy to see what arguments could have been produced at the time to support this diagnosis. This could nevertheless have been quite accurate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--the statement that diseases are not contagious. Al Bukhari's collection of hadiths refers in several places (chapters 19, 25, 30, 31, 53 and 54, Vol. VII, part 76, of the Book of Medicine) to certain special cases, e.g. leprosy (page 408), plague (pages 418 &amp; 422), camel's scabies (page 447), and also provides general statements. The latter are however placed side by side with glaringly contradictory remarks: it is recommended, for example, not to go to areas where there is plague, and to stay away from lepers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Consequently, it is possible to conclude that certain hadiths exist which are scientifically unacceptable. There is a doubt surrounding their authenticity. The purpose of reference to them lies solely in the comparison that they occasion with the verses of the Qur'an mentioned above: these do not contain a single inaccurate statement. This observation clearly has considerable importance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One must indeed remember that at the Prophet's death, the teachings that were received from this fell into two groups:&lt;br /&gt;--firstly, a large number of Believers knew the Qur'an by heart because, like the Prophet, they had recited it many, many times; transcriptions of the text of the Qur'an already existed moreover, which were made at the time of the Prophet and even before the Hegira[104].&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-secondly, the members of his following who were closest to him and the Believers who had witnessed his words and deeds had remembered them and relied on them for sUPport, in addition to the Qur'an, when defining a nascent doctrine and legislation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the years that were to follow the Prophet's death, texts were to be compiled which recorded the two groups of teachings he had left. The first gathering of hadiths was performed roughly forty years after the Hegira, but a first collection of Qur'anic texts had been made beforehand under Caliph Abu Bakr, and in particular Caliph Uthman, the second of whom published a definitive text during his Caliphate, i.e. between the twelfth and twenty-fourth years following Muhammad's death. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What must be heavily stressed is the disparity between these two groups of texts, both from a literary point of view and as regards their contents. It would indeed be unthinkable to compare the style of the Qur'an with that of the hadiths. What is more, when the contents of the two texts are compared in the light of modern scientific data, one is struck by the oppositions between them. I hope I have succeeded in showing what follows:&lt;br /&gt;--on the one hand, statements in the Qur'an which often appear to be commonplace, but which conceal data that science was later to bring to light.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--on the other hand, certain statements in the hadiths which are shown to be in absolute agreement with the ideas of their times but which contain opinions that are deemed scientifically unacceptable today. These occur in an aggregate of statements concerning Islamic doctrine and legislation, whose authenticity is unquestioningly acknowledged.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Finally, it must be pointed out that Muhammad's own attitude was quitedifferent towards the Qur'an from what it was towards his personal sayings. The Qur'an was proclaimed by him to be a divine Revelation. Over a period of twenty years, the Prophet classified its sections with the greatest of care, as we have seen. The Qur'an represented what had to be written down during his own lifetime and learned by heart to become part of the liturgy of prayers. The hadiths are said, in principle, to provide an account of his deeds and personal reflections, but he left it to others to find an example in them for their own behaviour and to make them public however they liked: he did not give any instructions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In view of the fact that only a limited number of hadiths may be considered to express the Prophet's thoughts with certainty, the others must contain the thoughts of the men of his time, in particular with regard to the subjects referred to here. When these dubious or inauthentic hadiths are compared to the text of the Qur'an, we can measure the extent to which they differ. This comparison highlights (as if there were still any need to) the striking difference between the writings of this period, which are riddled with scientific inaccurate statements, and the Qur'an, the Book of Written Revelation, that is free from errors of this kind.[105]&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-2457706519207659017?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/2457706519207659017/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=2457706519207659017' title='1 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/2457706519207659017'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/2457706519207659017'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2007/12/quran-hadith-and-modern-science.html' title='The Qur&apos;an, Hadith and Modern Science'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-4614015688897894581</id><published>2007-12-14T04:45:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-14T04:45:51.621-08:00</updated><title type='text'>The Exodus</title><content type='html'>With the Exodus from Egypt of Moses and his followers, (the first stage of their move to Canaan), we come to an event of great importance. It is an established historical event which appears in a known context, in spite of occasional allegations one finds which tend to attribute to it a largely legendary character.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the Old Testament, the Exodus forms the second book of the Pentateuch or Torah, along with a narration of the journey through the wilderness and the alliance (covenant) concluded with God on Mount Sinai. It is natural for the Qur'an to devote a great deal of space to it too: an account of the dealings Moses and his brother Aaron had with the Pharaoh and of the exit from Egypt is found in more than ten suras containing long descriptions, e.g. suras, 7, 10, 20 and 26, along with more abridged versions and even simple reminders. The name of Pharaoh, the main character on the Egyptian side, is repeated (to the best of my knowledge) seventy-four times in the Qur'an in 27 suras.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A study of both the Qur'anic and Biblical narrations is especially interesting here because, in contrast to what has been noted in the case of the Flood (for example), in the main, the two narrations have many points in common. There are certainly divergences, but the Biblical naration has considerable historical value, as we shall see. This is because it helps to identify the Pharaoh, or rather the two pharaohs in question. This hypothesis, which starts with the Bible, is complemented by the information contained in the Qur'an. Modern data are added to these two Scriptural sources and it is thus possible, through a confrontation between the Bible, the Qur'an and today's knowledge, to situate this episode from the Holy Scriptures in a historical context.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THE EXODUS ACCORDING TO THE BIBLE&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Biblical narration begins with a reminder of the Jews' entry into Egypt with Jacob, who joined Joseph there. Later on, according to Exodus 1, 8:&lt;br /&gt;"Now there arose a new king over Egypt, who did not know Joseph." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The period of oppression followed; the Pharaoh ordered the Jews to build the cities of Pithom and Ramesses (to use the names given to them in the Bible) (Exodus I, 11). To avoid a population explosion among the Hebrews, Pharaoh ordered each new-born son to be thrown into the river. Moses was nevertheless preserved by his mother for the first three months of his life before she finally decided to put him in a rush basket on the river's edge. The Pharaoh's daughter discovered him, rescued him and gave him to a nurse, none other than his own mother. This was because Moses's sister had watched to see who would find the baby, had pretended not to recognize him and then recommended to the Princess a nurse who was really the child's mother. He was treated as one of the Pharaoh's sons and given the name 'Moses'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As a young man, Moses left for a country called Midian where he married and lived for a long time. We read an important detail in Exodus 2, 23:&lt;br /&gt;"In the course of those many days the king of Egypt died." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;God ordered Moses to go and find the Pharaoh and lead his brothers out of Egypt (the description of this order is given in the episode of the Burning Bush). Aaron, Moses's brother, helped him in this task. This is why Moses, once he had returned to Egypt, went with his brother to visit the Pharaoh who was the successor of the king under whose reign he had long ago been born.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Pharaoh refused to allow the Jews in Moses's group to leave Egypt. God revealed Himself to Moses once again and ordered him to repeat his request to Pharaoh. According to the Bible, Moses was eighty years old at this time. Through magic, Moses showed the Pharaoh that he had supernatural powers. This was not enough however. God sent the famous plagues down upon Egypt. The rivers were changed into blood, there were invasions of frogs, gnats and swarms of flies, the cattle died, boils appeared on men and animals, there was hail and plagues of locusts, darkness and the death of the first-born. Nevertheless, the Pharaoh still did not allow the Hebrews to leave.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They therefore broke out of the city of Rameses, 600,000 of them[82] "besides women and children" (Exodus 12, 37). At this point Pharaoh "made ready his chariot and took his army .With him, and took six hundred picked charioteers and all the other chariots of Egypt with officers over all of them . . . Pharaoh, king of Egypt, pursued the people of Israel as they went forth defiantly." (Exodus 14, 6 and 8). The Egyptians caught up with Moses's party beside the sea. Moses raised his staff, the sea parted before him and his followers walked across it without wetting their feet. "The Egyptians pursued and went in after them into the midst of the sea, all Pharaoh's horses, his chariots, and his horsemen." (Exodus 14, 23) "The waters returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen and all the host of Pharaoh that had followed them into the sea; not so much as one of them remained. But the people of Israel walked on dry ground through the sea, the waters being a wall to them on their right hand and on their left." (Exodus 14, 28-29).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The text of Exodus is quite clear: Pharaoh was at the head of the pursuers. He perished because the text of Exodus notes that "not so much as one of them remained." The Bible repeats this detail moreover in the Psalms: Psalm 106, verse 11 and Psalm 136 verses 13 and 15 which are an act of thanks to God "Who divided the sea of Rushes[83] in sunder . . . and made Israel pass through the midst of it . . . but overthrew Pharaoh and his host in the sea of Rushes." There can be no doubt therefore, that according to the Bible, the Pharaoh of the Exodus perished in the sea. The Bible does not record what became of his body. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THE EXODUS ACCORDING TO THE QUR'AN&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In its broad outlines, the narration of the Exodus contained in the Qur'an is similar to that of the Bible. It has to be reconstituted, however, because it is made up of passages dispersed throughout the Book.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an does not provide a name which enables us to identify who the reigning Pharaoh was at the time of Exodus, any more than the Bible does. All that is known is that one of his counsellors was called Haman. He is referred to six times in the Qur'an (sura 28, verses 6, 8 and 38, sura 29, verse 39 and sura 40, verses 24 and 36).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Pharaoh is the Jews' oppressor:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 14, verse 6:&lt;br /&gt;"When Moses said to his people: Remember the favor of God to you when He delivered you from Pharaoh's folk who imposed upon you a dreadful torment, slaughtered your sons and spared your women." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The oppression is recalled in the same terms in verse 141, sura 7. The Qur'an does not however mention the names of the cities built by the Jews in subjection, as does the Bible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The episode where Moses is left by the riverside is recorded in sura 20 verses 39-40 and sura 28, verses 7 to 13. In the version contained in the Qur'an, Moses is taken in by Pharaoh's family. We find this in verses 8 and 9, sura 28:&lt;br /&gt;"The family of Pharaoh took him up. (It was intended) that (Moses) should be to them an adversary and a cause of sorrow. Pharaoh, Haman and their hosts were sinners. Pharaoh's wife said: (He will be) a joy to the eye for me and you. Don't kill him. He may be of use to us or we may take him as a son. They did not sense (what was to come)." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Muslim tradition has it that it was Pharaoh's wife Asiya who took care of Moses. In the Qur'an, it was not the Pharaoh's wife who found him, but members of his household.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moses's youth, his stay in Midian and marriage are described in sura 28, verses 13 to 28.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In particular, the episode of the Burning Bush is found in the first part of sura 20, and in sura 28, verses 30 to 35. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an does not describe the ten plagues sent down upon Egypt as a divine chastisement (unlike the long description in the Bible), but simply mentions five plagues very briefly (sura 7, verse 133): flooding, locusts, lice, frogs, and blood.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The flight from Egypt is described in the Qur'an, but without any of the geographical data given in the Bible, nor the incredible numbers of people mentioned in the latter. It is difficult to imagine how 600,000 men plus their families could have stayed in the desert for a long time, as the Bible would have us believe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is how the death of Pharaoh pursuing the Hebrews is described:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 20, verse 78:&lt;br /&gt;"Pharaoh pursued them with his hosts and the sea covered them." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Jews escaped. Pharaoh perished, but his body was found: a very important detail not mentioned in the Biblical narration.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 10, verses 90 to 92. God is speaking:&lt;br /&gt;"We took the Children of Israel across the sea. Pharaoh with his hosts pursued them in rebellion and hostility till, when the fact of his drowning overtook him, he said: I believe there is no God except the God in whom the Children of Israel believe. I am of those who submit themselves to Him.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"God said: 'What? Now !. Thou has rebelled and caused depravity. This day We save thee in thy body so that thou mayest be a sign for those who come after thee.' But verily, many among mankind are heedless of Our signs." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This passage requires two points to be explained:&lt;br /&gt;a) The spirit of rebellion and hostility referred to is to be understood in terms of Moses's attempt to persuade the Pharaoh.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b) The rescue of the Pharaoh refers to his corpse because it is stated quite clearly in verse 98, sura 11, that Pharaoh and his followers have been condemned to damnation:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 11, verse 98 "Pharaoh will go before his people on the Day of Resurrection and will lead them to the fire." For those facts which can be checked with historical, geographical and archaeological data therefore, it should be noted that the Qur'anic and Biblical narrations differ on the following points:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--the absence in the Qur'an of place names, both of the cities built by the Hebrews in Moses's group, and on the route taken by the Exodus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--the absence of any reference to the death of a Pharaoh during Moses's stay in Midian.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--the absence in the Qur'an of details concerning Moses's age when he addressed his request to the Pharaoh.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--the absence in the Qur'an of the numbering of Moses's followers. These figures are openly exaggerated in the Bible to incredible proportions (said to have been 600,000 men plus their families forming a community of more than two million inhabitants.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--the absence of any mention in the Bible of the rescue of the Pharaoh's body after his death.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For our present purposes, the points to be noted because they are shared by both narrations are as follows:&lt;br /&gt;--the confirmation contained in the Qur'an of Pharaoh's oppression of the Jews in Moses's group.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--the absence from both narrations of any mention of the King of Egypt'sname.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--the confirmation contained in the Qur'an of the Pharaoh's death during the Exodus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CONFRONTATION BETWEEN SCRIPTURAL DATA &lt;br /&gt;AND MODERN KNOWLEDGE&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The narrations contained in the Bible and the Qur'an on the time spent by the sons of Israel in Egypt, and the way they left, give rise to data which may constitute matter for a confrontation with modern knowledge. In fact, the balance is very uneven because some data pose many problems while others hardly provide subject for discussion. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Examination of Certain Details Contained in the Narrations &lt;br /&gt;The Hebrews in Egypt&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is, apparently, quite possible to say (and without running much risk of being wrong) that the Hebrews remained in Egypt for 400 or 430 years, according to the Bible (Genesis 15, 13 and Exodus 12, 40). In spite of this discrepancy between Genesis and Exodus, which is of minor importance, the period may be said to have begun long after Abraham, when Joseph, son of Jacob, moved with his brothers to Egypt. With the exception of the Bible, which gives the data just quoted, and the Qur'an which refers to the move to Egypt, but does not give any indication as to the dates involved, we do not possess any other document which is able to illuminate us on this point.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Present-day commentators, ranging from P. Montet to Daniel Rops, think that, in all probability, the arrival of Joseph and his brothers coincided with the movement of the Hyksos towards Egypt in the Seventeenth century B.C. and that a Hyksos sovereign probably received them hospitably at Avaris in the Nile Delta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There can be no doubt that this guess is in obvious contradiction to what is contained in the Bible (Kings I, 6, 1) which puts the Exodus from Egypt at 480 years before the construction of Solomon's Temple (circa 971 B.C.). This estimation would therefore put the Exodus at roughly 1450 B.C. and would consequently situate the entry into Egypt at circa 1880-1850 B.C. This is precisely the time, however, that Abraham is supposed to have lived, and other data contained in the Bible tell us that there were 250 years separating him from Joseph. This passage from Kings I in the Bible is therefore unacceptable from a chronological point of view.[84] We shall see how the theory put forward here has only this objection, taken from Kings I, to be levelled against it. The very obvious inaccuracy of these chronological data effectively deprives this objection of any value. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aside from the Holy Scriptures, the traces left by the Hebrews of their stay in Egypt are very faint. There are however several hieroglyphic documents which refer to the existence in Egypt of a category of workers called the 'Apiru, Hapiru or Habiru, who have been identified (rightly or wrongly) with the Hebrews. In this category were construction workers, agricultural labourers, harvesters, etc. But where did they come from? It is very difficult to find an answer to this. Father de Vaux has written the following about them:&lt;br /&gt;"They are not members of the local population, they do not identify themselves with a class in society, they do not all share the same occupation or status." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Under Tuthmosis III, they are referred to in a papyrus as 'workers in the stables'. It is known how Amenophis II, in the Fifteenth century B.C., brought in 3,600 of these people as prisoners from Canaan, because, as Father. de Vaux notes, they constituted a considerable percentage of the Syrio-Palestinian population. Under Sethos I, in circa 1300 B.C., the 'Apiru created considerable disturbances in the Beth-Shean region of Canaan, and under Ramesses II some of them were employed in the quarries or for transporting piles used in the works of the Pharaoh (e.g. the Great Pylon of Ramesses Miamon). We know from the Bible that the Hebrews, under Ramesses II, were to build the northern capital, the City of Ramesses. In Egyptian writings the 'Apiru are mentioned once again in the Twelfth century B.C. and for the last time under Ramesses III.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The 'Apiru are not just mentioned in Egypt however, so did the term therefore apply solely to the Hebrews? It is perhaps wise to recall that the word could initially have been used to signify 'forced labourers', without regard to their origins, and that it subsequently became an adjective indicating a person's profession. We might perhaps draw an analogy with the word 'suisse' (Swiss) which has several different meanings in French. It can mean an inhabitant of Switzerland, a mercenary soldier of the old French monarchy who was of Swiss extraction, a Vatican guard, or an employee of a Christian church . . . However, this may be, under Ramesses II, the Hebrews (according to the Bible) or the 'Apiru (according to the hieroglyphic texts) took part in the great works ordered by the Pharaoh, which were indeed 'forced labour'. There can be no doubt that Ramesses II was the Jews' oppressor: the cities of Ramesses and Pithom, mentioned in Exodus, are situated at the eastern part of the Nile Delta. Today's Tanis and Qantir, which are roughly 15 miles apart, are in the same region as these two cities. The northern capital constructed by Ramesses II was situated there. Ramesses II is the Pharaoh of the oppression.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moses was to be born in this environment. The circumstances pertaining to his rescue from the waters of the river have al- ready been outlined above. He has an Egyptian name: P. Montet has clearly shown in his book Egypt and the Bible (L'Egypte et la Bible)[85] that the names Mesw or Mesy are on the list of personal names in the dictionary of the hieroglyphic language by Ranke. Musa is the transliteration used in the Qur'an.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Plagues of Egypt&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Under this title the Bible refers to ten punishments inflicted by God, and provides many details concerning each of these 'plagues'. Many have supernatural dimensions or characteristics. The Qur'an only lists five plagues, which, for the most part, are merely an exaggeration of natural phenomena: flooding, locusts, lice, frogs and blood.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The rapid multiplication of locusts and frogs is described in the Bible. It speaks of river water changed to blood which floods all the land (sic); the Qur'an refers to blood, but without giving any complementary details. It is possible to invent all kinds of hypotheses on the subject of this reference to blood.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The other plagues described in the Bible (gnats, swarms of flies, boils, hail, darkness, death of the first-born and of cattle) have various origins, as was the case of the Flood, and are constituted by the juxtaposition of passages from many different sources.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Route Taken by the Exodus&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No indication of this is given in the Qur'an, whereas the Bible refers to it in great detail. Father de Vaux and P. Montet have both reopened studies into it. The starting-point was probably the Tanis-Qantir region, but no traces have been found of the rest of the route taken which could confirm the Biblical narration; nor is it possible to say at exactly what point the waters parted to allow the passage of Moses and his followers. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Miraculous Parting of the Waters&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some commentators have imagined a tide-race, due perhaps to astronomic causes or seismic conditions connected to the distant eruption of a volcano. The Hebrews could have taken advantage of the receding sea, and the Egyptians, following in hot pursuit, could have been wiped out by the returning tide. All this is pure hypothesis however.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. The Point Occupied by the Exodus in the History of the Pharaohs&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is possible to arrive at much more positive evidence in the case of the point the Exodus occupies in time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For a very long time Merneptah, the successor to Ramesses II, was held to be the Pharaoh of the Exodus. Maspero, the famous Egyptologist of the beginning of this century did, after all, write in his Visitor's Guide to the Cairo Museum (Guide du visiteur du Musée du Caire), 1900, that Merneptah "was probably, according to the Alexandrian tradition, the Pharaoh of the Exodus who is said to have perished in the Red Sea." I have been unable to find the documents on which Maspero based this assertion, but the eminence of this commentator requires us to attach the greatest importance to what he claims.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apart from P. Montet, there are very few Egyptologists or specialists in Biblical exegesis who have researched into the arguments for or against this hypothesis. In the last few decades however, there has been a spate of different hypotheses which seem to have as their sole purpose the justification of an agreement with one single detail in the Scriptural narrations, although the inventors of these hypotheses do not bother with the other aspects of the Scriptures. Thus it is possible for a hypothesis to suddenly appear which seems to agree with one aspect of a narration, although its inventor has not taken the trouble to compare it with all the other data contained in the Scriptures (and consequently not just with the Bible), plus all the data provided by history, archaeology, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One of the strangest hypotheses yet to come to light is by J. de Miceli (1960) who claims to have pinpointed the date of the Exodus to within one day, i.e. the 9th of April, 1495 B.C. He relies for his information entirely on calculations made from calendars and claims that Tuthmosis II was reigning in Egypt at that time, and was therefore the Pharaoh of the Exodus. The confirmation of the hypothesis is supposed to reside in the fact that lesions of the skin are to be observed on the mummy of Tuthmosis II. This commentator informs us (without explaining why) that they are due to leprosy, and that one of the plagues of Egypt described in the Bible consisted in skin boils. This staggering construction takes no account of the other facts contained in the Biblical narration, especially the Bible's mention of the City of Ramesses which rules out any hypothesis dating the Exodus before a 'Ramesses' had reigned.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As to the skin lesions of Tuthmosis II, these do not swing the argument in favour of the theory which designates this King of Egypt as the Pharaoh of the Exodus. This is because his son, Tuthmosis III, and his grandson Amenophis II also show signs of skin tumors[86], so that some commentators have suggested the hypothesis of a disease which ran in the family. The Tuthmosis II theory is not therefore tenable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The same is true for Daniel-Rops's theory in his book. The People of the Bible (Le Peuple de la Bible)[87]. He ascribes the role of the Pharaoh of the Exodus to Amenophis II. It does not seem to be any better-founded than the preceding hypothesis. Using the pretext that Amenophis II's father (Tuthmosis III) was very nationalistic, Daniel-Rops proclaims Amenophis II the persecutor of the Hebrews, while his step-mother, the famous Queen Hatshepsut, is cast in the role of the person who took Moses in (although we never discover why). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Father de Vaux's theory, that it was Ramesses II, rests on slightly more solid foundations. He expands on them in his book, The Ancient History of Israel (Histoire ancienne d'Israël)[88]. Even if his theory does not agree with the Biblical narration on every point, at least it has the advantage of putting forward one very important piece of evidence: the construction of the cities of Ramesses and Pithom built under Ramesses II referred to in the Biblical text. It is not possible therefore to maintain that the Exodus took place before the accession of Ramesses II. This is situated in the year 1301 B.C., according to Drioton and Vandier's chronology, and in 1290 B.C. according to Rowton's. The two other hypotheses outlined above are untenable because of the following imperative fact: Ramesses II is the Pharaoh of the oppression referred to in the Bible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Father de Vaux considers the Exodus to have taken place during the first half or towards the middle of Ramesses II's reign.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus his dating of this event is imprecise: he suggests this period to allow Moses and his followers time, as it were, to settle in Canaan, and Ramesses II's successor, Pharaoh Mernaptah who is said to have pacified the frontiers after his father's death, to bring the Children of Israel into line, as depicted on a stele of the Fifth year of his reign.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Two arguments may be levelled at this theory:&lt;br /&gt;a) The Bible shows (Exodus 2, 23) that the King of Egypt died during the period when Moses was in Midian. This King of Egypt is described in the Book of Exodus as the King who made the Hebrews build the cities of Ramesses and Pithom by forced labour. This King was Ramesses II. The Exodus could only have taken place under the latter's successor. Father de Vaux claims however to doubt the Biblical sources of verse 23, chapter 2 of Exodus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b) What is more astounding is that Father de Vaux, as director of the Biblical School of Jerusalem, does not refer in his theory of the Exodus to two essential passages in the Bible, both of which bear witness to the fact that the King died during the pursuit of the fleeing Hebrews. This detail makes it impossible for the Exodus to have taken place at any other time than at the end of a reign.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It must be repeated that there can be little doubt that the Pharaoh lost his life as a result of it. Chapters 13 and 14 of Exodus are quite specific on this point: "So he made ready his chariot and took his army with him . . ." (Exodus 14,6). (Pharaoh king of Egypt) "pursued the people of Israel as they went forth defiantly" (Exodus 14,8) . . . "The waters returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen and all the host of Pharaoh that had followed them into the sea; not so much as one of them remained." (Exodus 14,28 and 29). In addition to these verses, Psalm 136 confirms Pharaoh's death and refers to Yahweh who "overthrew Pharaoh and his host in the Sea of Rushes" (Psalms 136,15).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus, during Moses's lifetime, one Pharaoh died when Moses was in Midian and another during the Exodus. There were not one, but two Pharaohs at the time of Moses: one during the oppression and the other during the Exodus from Egypt. The theory of a single Pharaoh (Ramesses II) put forward by Father de Vaux is unsatisfactory because it does not account for everything. The following observations are further arguments against his theory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Rameses II, Pharaoh of the Oppression &lt;br /&gt;Merneptah, Pharaoh of the Exodus&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;P. Montet has very discerningly resumed the original Alexandrian[89] tradition mentioned by Maspero. It is found much later in the Islamic tradition as well as in the classic Christian tradition.[90] This theory is set out in Montet's book Egypt and the Bible (L'Egypte et le Bible)[91] and is supported by additional arguments, based in particular on the narrative contained in the Qur'an, to which the famous archaeologist did not refer. Before examining them however, we shall first return to the Bible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Book of Exodus contains a reference to the word 'Ramesses' although the Pharaoh's name is not mentioned. In the Bible 'Ramesses' is the name of one of the cities built by the forced labour of the Hebrews. Today we know that these cities form part of the Tanis-Qantir region, in the eastern Nile Delta. In the area where Ramesses II built his northern capital, there were other constructions prior to his, but it was Ramesses II who made it into an important site, as the archeological excavations undertaken in the last few decades have amply shown. To build it, he used the labour of the enslaved Hebrews.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When one reads the word 'Ramesses' in the Bible today, one is not particularly struck by it: the word has become very common to us since Champollion discovered the key to hieroglyphics 150 years ago, by examining the characters that expressed this very word. We are therefore used to reading and pronouncing it today and know what it means. One has to remember however that the meaning of hieroglyphics had been lost in circa the Third century B.C. and that Ramesses' name had hardly been preserved anywhere except in the Bible and a few books written in Greek and Latin which had deformed it to a lesser or greater extent. It is for this reason that Tacitus in his Annals talks of 'Rhamsis'. The Bible had however preserved the name intact: it is referred to four times in the Pentateuch or Torah (Genesis 47,11; Exodus 1,11 and 12,37. Numbers 33,3 and 33,5).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Hebrew word for 'Ramesses' is written in two ways in the Bible: 'Râ(e) mss' or 'Râeâmss'[92]. In the Greek version of the Bible, called the Septuagint, it is 'Râmessê'. In the Latin version (Vulgate) it is written 'Ramesses'. In the Clementine version of the Bible in French (1st edition, 1621) the word is the same, 'Ramesses'. The French edition was in circulation at the time of Champollion's work in this field. In his Summary of the Hièroglyphic System of the Ancient Egyptians (Precis du systeme hiéroglyphique des anciens Egyptiens) (2nd edition, 1828, page 276), Champollion alludes to the Biblical spelling of the word.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus the Bible had miraculously preserved Ramesses's name in its Hebrew, Greek and Latin versions.[93]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The preceding data alone are enough to establish the following:&lt;br /&gt;a) There can be no question of the Exodus before a 'Ramesses' had come to the throne in Egypt (11 Kings of Egypt had this name).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b) Moses was born during the reign of the Pharaoh who built the cities of Ramesses and Pithom, i.e. Ramesses II.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;c) When Moses was in Midian, the reigning Pharaoh (i.e. Ramesses II) died. The continuation of Moses's story took place during the reign of Ramesses II's successor, Merneptah.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What is more, the Bible adds other highly important data which help to situate the Exodus in the history of the Pharaohs. It is the statement that Moses was eighty years old when, under God's orders, he tried to persuade Pharaoh to free his brothers: "Now Moses was eighty years old, and Aaron eighty-three years years old, when they spoke to Pharaoh." (Exodus 7,7). Elsewhere however, the Bible tells us (Exodus 2,23) that the Pharaoh reigning at the time of the birth of Moses died when the latter was in Midian, although the Biblical narration continues without mentioning any change in the sovereign's name. These two passages in the Bible imply that the total number of years spanning the reigns of the two Pharaohs ruling at the time when Moses was living in Egypt must have been eighty years at least.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is known that Ramesses II reigned for 67 years (1301-1235 B.C. according to Drioton and Vandier's chronology, 1290-1224 B.C. according to Rowton). For Merneptah, his successor, the Egyptologists are unable, however, to provide the exact dates of his reign. Nevertheless, it lasted for at least ten years because, as Father de Vaux points out, documents bear witness to the tenth year of his reign. Drioton and Vandier give two possibilities for Merneptah: either a ten-year reign, 1234-1224 B.C., or a twenty-year reign 1224-1204 B.C. Egyptologists have no precise indications whatsoever on how Merneptah's reign came to an end: all that can be said is that after his death, Egypt went through a period of serious internal upheavals lasting nearly 25 years.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even though the chronological data on these reigns are not very precise, there was no other period during the New Kingdom concordant with the Biblical narration when two successive reigns (apart from Ramesses II-Merneptah) amounted to or surpassed eighty years. The Biblical data concerning Moses's age when he undertook the liberation of his brothers can only come from a time during the successive reigns of Ramesses II and Merneptah[94]. All the evidence points towards the fact that Moses was born at the beginning of Ramesses II's reign, was living in Midian when Ramesses II died after a sixty-seven year reign, and subsequently became the spokesman for the cause of the Hebrews living in Egypt to Merneptah, Ramesses II's son and successor. This episode may have happened in the second half of Merneptah's reign, assuming he reigned twenty years or nearly twenty years. Rowton believes the supposition to be quite feasible. Moses would then have led the Exodus at the end of Merneptah's reign. It could hardly have been otherwise because both the Bible and the Qur'an tell us that Pharaoh perished during the pursuit of the Hebrews leaving the country.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This plan agrees perfectly with the account contained in the Scriptures of Moses's infancy and of the way he was taken into the Pharaoh's family. It is a known fact that Ramesses II was very old when he died: it is said that he was ninety to a hundred years old. According to this theory, he would have been twentythree to thirty-three years old at the beginning of his reign which lasted sixty-seven years. He could have been married at that age and there is nothing to contradict the discovery of Moses by 'a member of Pharaoh's household' (according to the Qur'an), or the fact that Pharaoh's wife asked him if he would keep the newly-born child she had found on the bank of the Nile. The Bible claims that the child was found by Pharaoh's daughter. In view of Ramesses II's age at the beginning of his reign it would have been perfectly possible for him to have had a daughter old enough to discover the abandoned child. The Qur'anic and Biblical narrations do not contradict each other in any way on this point.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The theory given here is in absolute agreement with the Qur'an and is moreover at odds with only one single statement in the Bible which occurs (as we have seen) in Kings I 6,1 (N.B. this book is not included in the Torah). This passage is the subject of much debate and Father de Vaux rejects the historical data contained in this part of the Old Testament, which dates the Exodus in relation to the construction of Solomon's temple. The fact that it is subject to doubt makes it impossible to retain it as a conclusive argument against the theory outlined here.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Problem of the Stele Dating from the Fifth Year &lt;br /&gt;of Merneptah's Reign &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the text of the famous stele dating from the fifth year of Merneptah's reign critics think they have found an objection to the theory set out here, in which the pursuit of the Jews constituted the last act of his reign.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The stele is of great interest because it represents the only known document in hieroglyphics which contains the word 'Israel'.[95] The inscription which dates from the first part of Merneptah's reign was discovered in Thebes in the Pharaoh's Funeral Temple. It refers to a series of victories he won over Egypt's neighbouring states, in particular a victory mentioned at the end of the document over a "devastated Israel which has no more seed . . " From this fact it has been held that the existence of the word 'Israel' implied that the Jews must already have settled in Canaan by the fifth year of Merneptah's reign, and that in consequence, the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt had already taken place.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This objection does not seem tenable because it implies that there could have been no Jews living in Canaan all the while there were Jews in Egypt-a proposition it is impossible to accept. Father de Vaux however, in spite of the fact that he is a supporter of the theory which makes Ramesses II the Pharaoh of the Exodus, notes [96] the following about the settling of the Jews in Canaan: "In the South, the time when communities related to the Israelites settled in the Kadesh region is unclear and dates from before the Exodus." He therefore allows for the possibility that certain groups may have left Egypt at a time different from that of Moses and his followers. The 'Apiru or Habiru who have sometimes been identified with the Israelites were already in Syria-Palestine long before Ramesses II and the Exodus: we have documentary evidence which proves that Amenophis II brought back 8,600 prisoners to work as forced labourers in Egypt. Others were to be found in Canaan under Sethos I where they caused unrest in the Beth-Shean region: P. Montet reminds us of this in his book Egypt and the Bible (L'Egypte et la Bible). It is quite plausible to suppose therefore that Merneptah was obliged to deal severely with these rebellious elements on his borders while inside them were those who were later to rally around Moses to flee the country. The existence of the stele dating from the fifth year of Merneptah's reign does not in any way detract from the present theory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moreover, the fact that the word 'Israel' figures in the history of the Jewish people is totally unconnected with the notion that Moses and his followers settled in Canaan. The origin of the word is as follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to Genesis (32,29), Israel is the second name given to Jacob, son of Isaac and grandson of Abraham. The commentators of the Ecumenical Translation of the Bible-Old Testament (Traduction oecuménique de la Bible-Ancien Testament), 1975, think that its meaning is probably that 'God shows Himself in His Strength'. Since it has been given to a single man, it is not surprising that it was given to a community or group of people in memory of a distinguished ancestor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The name 'Israel', therefore appeared well before Moses: several hundred years before to be exact. It is not surprising consequently to see it cited in a stele from the reign of the Pharaoh Merneptah. The fact that it is cited does not at all constitute an argument in favour of a theory which dates the Exodus before the fifth year of Merneptah's reign.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What it does do is refer to a group which it calls 'Israel', but Merneptah's stele cannot be alluding to a politically established collectivity because the inscription dates from the end of the Thirteenth century B.C. and the Kingdom of Israel was not formed until the Tenth century B.C. It must therefore refer to a human community of more modest proportions.[97] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nowadays, we know that the entry of 'Israel' into history was preceded by a long formatory period of eight or nine centuries. This period was distinguished by the settling of many semi-Nomadic groups, especially the Amorites and the Arameans all over the region. In the same period, Patriarchs began to appear in their communities among whom were Abraham, Isaac and Jacob-Israel. The second name of this last Patriarch was used to designate the original group, the nucleus of a future political entity which was to appear long after Merneptah's reign, since the Kingdom of Israel lasted from 931 or 930 to 721 B.C.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. The Description Contained in the Holy Scriptures &lt;br /&gt;of the Pharaoh's Death During the Exodus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This event marks a very important point in the narrations contained in the Bible and the Qur'an. It stands forth very clearly in the texts. It is referred to in the Bible, not only in the Pentateuch or Torah, but also in the Psalms: the references have already been given.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is very strange to find that Christian commentators have completely ignored it. Thus, Father de Vaux maintains the theory that the Exodus from Egypt took place in the first half or the middle of Ramesses II's reign. His theory takes no account of the fact that the Pharaoh perished during the Exodus, a fact which should make all hypotheses place the event at the end of a reign. In his Ancient History of Israel (Histoire ancienne d'Israël) , the Head of the Biblical School of Jerusalem does not seem to be at all troubled by the contradiction between the theory he maintains and the data contained in the two Books of the Bible: the Torah and Psalms.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In his book, Egypt and the Bible (L'Egypte et la Bible), P. Montet places the Exodus during Merneptah's reign, but says nothing about the death of the Pharaoh who was at the head of the army following the fleeing Hebrews.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This highly surprising attitude contrasts with the Jews' outlook: Psalm 136, verse 15 gives thanks to God who "overthrew Pharaoh and his host in the Sea of Rushes" and is often recited in their liturgy. They know of the agreement between this verse and the passage in Exodus (14,28-29): "The waters returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen and all the host of Pharaoh that had followed them into the sea; not so much as one of them remained." There is no shadow of a doubt for them that the Pharaoh and his troups were wiped out. These same texts are present in Christian Bibles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Christian commentators quite deliberately, and in contradiction to all the evidence, brush aside the Pharaoh's death. What is more however, some of them mention the reference made to it in the Qur'an and encourage their readers to make very strange comparisons. In the translation of the Bible directed by the Biblical School of Jerusalem[98] we find the following commentary on the Pharaoh's death by Father Couroyer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The Koran refers to this (Pharaoh's death) (sura 10, verses 90-92), and popular tradition has it that the Pharaoh who was drowned with his army (an event which is not mentioned in the Holy Text[99]) lives beneath the ocean where he rules over the men of the sea, i.e. the seals".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is obvious that the uninformed reader of the Qur'an is bound to establish a connection between a statement in it which-for the commentator-contradicts the Biblical text and this absurd legend which comes from a so-called popular tradition mentioned in the commentary after the reference to the Qur'an.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The real meaning of the statement in the Qur'an on this has nothing to do with what this commentator suggests: verses 90 to 92, sura 10 inform us that the Children of Israel crossed the sea while the Pharaoh and his troops were pursuing them and that it was only when the Pharaoh was about to be drowned that he cried: "I believe there is no God except the God in which the Chilldren of Israel believe. I am of those who submit themselves to Him." God replied: "What? Now! Thou bast rebelled and caused depravity. This day W e save thee in thy body so that thou mayest be a Sign for those who will come after thee." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is all that the sura contains on the Pharaoh's death. There is no question of the phantasms recorded by the Biblical commentator either here or anywhere else in the Qur'an. The text of the Qur'an merely states very clearly that the Pharaoh's body will be saved: that is the important piece of information.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When the Qur'an was transmitted to man by the Prophet, the bodies of all the Pharaohs who are today considered (rightly or wrongly) to have something to do with the Exodus were in their tombs of the Necropolis of Thebes, on the opposite side of the Nile from Luxor. At the time however, absolutely nothing was known of this fact, and it was not until the end of the Nineteenth century that they were discovered there. As the Qur'an states, the body of the Pharaoh of the Exodus was in fact rescued: whichever of the Pharaohs it was, visitors may see him in the Royal Mummies Room- of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. The truth is therefore very different from the ludicrous legend that Father Couroyer has attached to the Qur'an.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Pharaoh Merneptah's Mummy&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The mummified body of Merneptah, son of Ramesses II and Pharaoh of the Exodus-all the evidence points to this-was discovered by Loret in 1898 at Thebes in the Kings' Valley whence it was transported to Cairo. Elliot Smith removed its wrappings on the 8th of July, 1907: he gives a detailed description of this operation and the examination of the body in his book The Royal Mummies (1912). At that time the mummy was in a satisfactory state of preservation, in spite of deterioration in several parts. Since then, the mummy has been on show to visitors at the Cairo Museum, with his head and neck uncovered and the rest of body concealed under a cloth. It is so well hidden indeed, that until very recently, the only general photographs of the mummy that the Museum possessed were those taken by E. Smith in 1912.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In June 1975, the Egyptian high authorities very kindly allowed me to examine the parts of the Pharaoh's body that had been covered until then. They also allowed me to take photographs. When the mummy's present state was compared to the condition it was in over sixty years ago, it was abundantly clear that it had deteriorated and fragments had disappeared. The mummified tissues had suffered greatly, at the hand of man in some places and through the passage of time in others.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This natural deterioration is easily explained by the changes in the conditions of conservation from the time in the late Nineteenth century when it was discovered. Its discovery took place in the tomb of the Necropolis of Thebes where the mummy had lain for over three thousand years. Today, the mummy is displayed in a simple glass case which does not afford hermetic insulation from the outside, nor does it offer protection from pollution by micro-organisms. The mummy is exposed to fluctuations in temperature and seasonal changes in humidity: it is very far from the conditions which enabled it to remain protected from any source of deterioration for approximately three thousand years. It has lost the protection afforded by its wrappings and the advantage of remaining in the closed environment of the tomb where the temperature was more constant and the air less humid than it is in Cairo at certain times of the year. Of course, while it was in the Necropolis itself, the mummy had to withstand the visits of grave plunderers (probably very early on) and rodents: they caused a certain amount of damage, but the conditions were nevertheless (it seems) much more favourable for it to stand the test of time than they are today.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At my suggestion, special investigations were made during this examination of the mummy in June 1975. An excellent radiographic study was made by Doctors El Meligy and Ramsiys, and the examination of the interior of the thorax, through a gap in the thoracic wall, was carried out by Doctor Mustapha Manialawiy in addition to an investigation of the abdomen. This was the first example of endoscopy being applied to a mummy. This technique enabled us to see and photograph some very important details inside the body. Professor Ceccaldi performed a general medico-legal study which will be completed by an examination under the microscope of some small fragments that spontaneously fell from the mummy's body: this examination will be carried out by Professor Mignot and Doctor Durigon. I regret to say that definitive pronouncements cannot be made by the time this book goes to print.[100] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What may already be derived from this examination is the discovery of multiple lesions of the bones with broad lacunae, some of which may have been mortal-although it is not yet possible to ascertain whether some of them occurred before or after the Pharaoh's death. He most probably died either from drowning, according to the Scriptural narrations, or from very violent shocks preceding the moment when he was drowned-or both at once.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The connection of these lesions with the deterioration whose sources have been mentioned above renders the correct preservation of the mummy of the Pharaoh somewhat problematical, unless precautionary and restorative measures are not taken very soon. These measures should ensure that the only concrete evidence which we still possess today concerning the death of the Pharaoh of the Exodus and the rescue of his body, willed by God, does not disappear with the passage of time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is always desirable for man to apply himself to the preservation of relics of his history, but here we have something which goes beyond that: it is the material presence of the mummified body of the man who knew Moses, resisted his pleas, pursued him as he took flight, lost his life in the process. His earthly remains were saved by the Will of God from destruction to become a sign to man, as it is written in the Qur'an.[101] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Those who seek among modern data for proof of the veracity of the Holy Scriptures will find a magnificent illustration of the verses of the Qur'an dealing with the Pharaoh's body by visiting the Royal Mummies Room of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Translators' Note:&lt;br /&gt;The results of these medical studies carried out in Cairo, 1976, were read by the author before several French learned societies, including the 'Académie Nationale de Médecine' (National Academy of Medecine), during the first part of 1976. The knowledge of these results led the Egyptian Authorities to take the decision to transport the mummy of Ramesses II to France. Thus it arrived for treatment in Paris on the 26th September 1976.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-4614015688897894581?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/4614015688897894581/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=4614015688897894581' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/4614015688897894581'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/4614015688897894581'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2007/12/exodus.html' title='The Exodus'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-4215152504633752551</id><published>2007-12-14T04:44:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-14T04:45:15.976-08:00</updated><title type='text'>The Flood</title><content type='html'>The Biblical Narration of the Flood and the Criticism &lt;br /&gt;Leveled at It- A Reminder.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The examination of the Old Testament description of the Flood in the first part of this book led to the following observations:&lt;br /&gt;There is not just one description of the Flood, but two, written at different times;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--the Yahvist version which dates from the Ninth century B.C.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--the Sacerdotal version dating from the Sixth century B.C., so called because it was the work of priests of the time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These two narrations are not juxtaposed, but interwoven so that part of one is fitted in-between parts of the other, i.e. paragraphs from one source alternate with passage from the other.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The commentary to the translation of Genesis by Father de Vaux, a professor at the Biblical School of Jerusalem, shows very clearly how the paragraphs are distributed between the two sources. The narration begins and ends with a Yahvist passage. There are ten Yahvist paragraphs altogether and between each one a Sacerdotal passage has been inserted (there are a total of nine Sacerdotal paragraphs). This mosaic of texts is only coherent when read from a point of view which takes the succession of episodes into account, since there are blatant contradictions between the two sources. Father de Vaux describes them as "two accounts of the Flood, in which the cataclysm is caused by different agents and lasts different lengths of time, and where Noah receives into the Ark a different number of animals." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When seen in the light of modern knowledge, the Biblical description of the Flood as a whole is unacceptable for the following reasons:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) The Old Testament ascribes to it the character of a universal cataclysm.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b) Whereas the paragraphs from the Yahvist text do not date the Flood, the Sacerdotal text situates it at a point in time where a cataclysm of this kind could not have occurred.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The following are arguments supporting this opinion:&lt;br /&gt;The Sacerdotal narration states quite precisely that the Flood took place when Noah was 600 years old. According to the genealogies in chapter 5 of Genesis (also taken from the Sacerdotal text and quoted in the first part of this book), we know that Noah is said to have been born 1,056 years after Adam. Consequently, the Flood would have taken place 1,655 years after the creation of Adam. The genealogical table of Abraham moreover, taken from the same text and given in Genesis (11, 10-32), allows us to estimate that Abraham was born 292 years after the Flood. As we know that (according to the Bible) Abraham was alive in roughly 1850 B.C., the Flood would therefore be situated in the Twenty-first or Twenty-second century B.C. This calculation is in strict keeping with the information in old editions of the Bible which figures prominently at the head of the Biblical text.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This was at a time when the lack of human knowledge on the subject was such that the chronological data contained in the Bible were accepted without question by its readers-for want of any arguments to the contrary.[80] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How is it possible to conceive today of a universal cataclysm in the Twenty-first or Twenty-second century B.C. which destroyed life on all the earth's surface (except for the people and animals in the Ark)? By this time, civilizations had flourished in several parts of the globe, and their vestiges have now come down to posterity. In Egypt at this time, for example, the Intermediate Period followed the end of the Old Kingdom and preceded the beginning of the Middle Kingdom. In view of our knowledge of the history of this period, it would be absurd to maintain that the Flood had destroyed all civilization at this time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus It may be affirmed from a historical point of view that the narration of the Flood as it is presented in the Bible is in evident contradiction with modern knowledge. The formal proof of man's manipulation of the Scriptures is the existence of the two texts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Narration of the Flood Contained in the Qur'an.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an gives a general version which is different from that contained in the Bible and does not give rise to any criticisms from a historical point of view.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It does not provide a continuous narration of the Flood. Numerous suras talk of the punishment inflicted upon Noah's people. The most complete account of this is in sura 11, verses 25 to 49. Sura 71, which bears Noah's name, describes above all Noah's preachings, as do verses 105 to 115, sura 26. Before going into the actual course taken by events, we must consider the Flood as described in the Qur' an by relating it to the general context of the punishment God inflicted on communities guilty of gravely infringing His Commandments.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Whereas the Bible describes a universal Flood intended to punish ungodly humanity as a whole, the Qur'an, in contrast, mentions several punishments inflicted on certain specifically defined communities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This may be seen in verses 35 to 39, sura 25:&lt;br /&gt;"We gave Moses the Scripture and appointed his brother Aaron with him as vizier. We said: Go to the people who have denied Our signs. We destroyed them completely. When the people of Noah denied the Messengers, We drowned them and We made of them a sign for mankind. (We destroyed the tribes) of Âd and Tamud, the companions of Rass and many generations between them. We warned each of them by examples and We annihilated them completely." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sura 7, verses 59 to 93 contains a reminder of the punishments brought upon Noah's people, the Âd, the Tamud, Lot (Sodom) and Madian respectively.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus the Qur'an presents the cataclysm of the Flood as a punishment specifically intended for Noah's people: this is the first basic difference between the two narrations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second fundamental difference is that the Qur'an, in contrast to the Bible, does not date the Flood in time and gives no indication as to the duration of the cataclysm itself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The causes of the flooding are roughly the same in both narrations. The Sacerdotal description in the Bible (Genesis 7, 11) cites two causes which occurred simultaneously. "On that day all the fountains of the great deep burst forth, and the windows of the heavens were opened." The Qur'an records the following in verses 11 and 12, sura 54:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We opened the Gates of Heaven with pouring water. And We caused the ground to gush forth springs, so the waters met according to the decree which has been ordained." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an is very precise about the contents of the Ark. The order God gave to Noah was faithfully executed and it was to do the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 11, verse 40:&lt;br /&gt;"(In the Ark) load a pair of every kind, thy family, save this one against whom the word has already gone forth, and those who believe. But only a few had believed with him." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The person excluded from the family is an outcast son of Noah. We learn (sura 11, verses 45 and 46) how Noah's supplications on this person's behalf to God were unable to make Him alter His decision. Apart from Noah's family (minus the outcast son), the Qur'an refers to the few other passengers on board the Ark who had believed in God.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Bible does not mention the latter among the occupants of the Ark. In fact, it provides us with three different versions of the Ark's contents:&lt;br /&gt;--according to the Yahvist version, a distinction is made between 'pure' animals and birds, and 'impure' animals (seven[81] pairs, i.e. seven males and seven females, of each 'pure' species, was taken into the Ark and only one pair of each 'impure' species).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-according to a modified Yahvist verse (Genesis 7, 8) there was only one pair of each species, whether 'pure' or 'impure'. -according to the Sacerdotal version, there was Noah, his family (with no exceptions) and a pair taken from each species.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The narration in the Qur'an of the flooding itself is contained in sura 11, verses 25 to 49 and in sura 23, verses 23 to 30. The Biblical narrative does not present any important differences.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the Bible, the place where the Ark comes to rest is in the Ararat Mountains (Genesis 8, 4) and for the Qur'an it is the Judi (sura 11, verse 44.) This mountain is said to be the highest of the Ararat range in Armenia, but nothing proves that the names were not changed by man to tally with the two narratives. This is confirmed by R. Blachère: according to him there is a peak in Arabia named Judi. The agreement of names may well be artificial.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In conclusion, it is possible to state categorically what major differences exist here between the Biblical and Qur'anic narrations. Some of them escape critical examination because objective data are lacking. When, however, it is possible to check the statements in the Scriptures in the light of the established data, the incompatibility between the Biblical narration-i.e. the information given on its place in time and geographical extent-and the discoveries that have contributed to modern knowledge is all too clear. In contrast to this, the narration contained in the Qur'an is free from anything which might give rise to objective criticism. One might ask if it is possible that, between the time of the Biblical narration and the one contained in the Qur'an, man could have acquired knowledge that shed light on this event. The answer is no, because from the time of the Old Testament to the Qur'an, the only document man possessed on this ancient story was the Bible itself. If human factors are unable to account for the changes in the narrations which affected their meaning with regard to modern knowledge, another explanation has to be accepted, i.e. a Revelation which came after the one contained in the Bible.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-4215152504633752551?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/4215152504633752551/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=4215152504633752551' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/4215152504633752551'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/4215152504633752551'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2007/12/flood.html' title='The Flood'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-2337383777511293464</id><published>2007-12-14T04:44:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-14T04:44:44.152-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Qur'anic and Biblical Narrations</title><content type='html'>Qur'anic and Biblical Narrations&lt;br /&gt;General Outlines&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A large number of subjects dealt with in the Bible are also found in the Qur'an. Firstly, there are narrations referring to the Prophets; Noah, Abraham, Joseph, Elias, Jonah, Job and Moses; the Kings of Israel; Saul, David, Solomon-to name just some of the main narrations they share in common. There then follow more specific accounts of great events in the course of which the supernatural has intervened, e.g. the Creation of the Earth and Heavens, the Creation of Man, the Flood, the Exodus. Finally, there is all that has to do with Jesus and His mother Mary as far as it concerns the New Testament.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What reflections do the subjects dealt with in the two Scriptures provoke when viewed in the light of our modern knowledge of them from extra-Scriptural sources?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Parallel: Qur'an/Gospel and Modem Knowledge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;With regard to the parallel of Qur'an/Gospels, one must first note that none of the subjects referred to in the Gospels, which were criticized from a scientific point of view (see Part Two of this book), is quoted in the Qur'an.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jesus is referred to many times in the Qur' an, e.g. Mary's annunciation of the nativity to his father, the annunciation of the miraculous nativity to Mary, Jesus's stature as a Prophet of the highest order, His role as a Messiah, the Revelation He directs to Man which confirms and modifies the Torah, His preachings, His disciples and apostles, the miracles, His Ascension to God, His role in the Last Judgment, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Suras 3 and 19 of the Qur'an (the second of which bears Mary's name) devote long passages to Jesus's family. They describe His mother Mary's nativity, her youth and the annunciation of her miraculous motherhood. Jesus is always called 'Son of Mary'. His ancestry is exclusively given with regard to His mother's side, which is quite logical since Jesus had no biological father. Here the Qur'an differs from Matthew's and Luke's Gospels: as we have already seen, they give the paternal genealogies of Jesus which are, moreover, different from each other.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the Qur'an, Jesus is placed according to His maternal genealogy in the line of Noah, Abraham, and Mary's father (Imran in the Qur'an):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 3, verses 33 and 34:&lt;br /&gt;"God chose Adam, Noah, the family of Abraham and the family of Imran above all His creatures, as descendants one from another." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So Jesus is descended from Noah and Abraham on His mother Mary's side, and from her father Imran. The errors made in the naming of the 'ancestors of Jesus' found in the Gospels are not present in the Qur'an, nor are the impossibilities in the genealogies contained in the Old Testament of Abraham's ancestry, both of which were examined in the first and second parts of this book.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Once again, this fact must be noted if one is to be objective, and yet again its great importance appears very clearly in the face of the unfounded statements which are made claiming that Muhammad, the author of the Qur'an, largely copied the Bible. One wonders in that case who or what reason compelled him to avoid copying the passages the Bible contains on Jesus's ancestry, and to insert at this point in the Qur'an the corrections that put his text above any criticism from modern knowledge. The Gospels and Old Testament texts are quite the opposite; from this point of view they are totally unacceptable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Parallel: Qur'an/ Old Testament and Modem Knowledge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the case of the Old Testament, certain aspects of this parallel have already been dealt with. The Creation of the world, for example, was the subject of a critical study made in the Old Testament section of this book. The same subject was examined with regard to the Qur'anic Revelation. Comparisons were made and there is no need to cover this ground again.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It seems that historical knowledge is too vague and archaeological data too scarce for parallels to be established in the light of modern knowledge on problems concerning the Kings of Israel, who form the subject of narrations in both the Qur'an and the Bible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Whether or not one can tackle the problem of the Prophets in the light of modern data depends on the extent to which the events described have left traces which may or may not have come down to us.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are however two subjects dealt with in both the Qur'an and the Bible which should command our attention and which need to be examined in the light of modern knowledge. They are as follows:&lt;br /&gt;--the Flood, &lt;br /&gt;--the Exodus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--The first because it has not left traces in the history of civilization which support the Biblical narration, whereas modern data do not permit us to criticize the narration contained in the Qur'an.&lt;br /&gt;--The second because the Biblical and Qur'anic narrations evidently complement each other in their broad outlines, and modern data seem to provide both of them with remarkable historical support.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-2337383777511293464?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/2337383777511293464/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=2337383777511293464' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/2337383777511293464'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/2337383777511293464'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2007/12/quranic-and-biblical-narrations.html' title='Qur&apos;anic and Biblical Narrations'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-750730409738240607</id><published>2007-12-14T04:43:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-14T04:44:10.006-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Human Reproduction</title><content type='html'>Human Reproduction&lt;br /&gt;From the moment ancient human writings enter into detail (however slight) on the subject of reproduction, they inevitably make statements that are inaccurate. In the Middle Ages-and even in more recent time-reproduction was surrounded by all sorts of myths and superstitions. How could it have been otherwise, considering the fact that to understand its complex mechanisms, man first had to possess a knowledge of anatomy, the discovery of the microscope had to be made, and the so-called basic sciences had to be founded which were to nurture physiology, embryology, obstetrics, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The situation is quite different in the Qur'an. The Book mentions precise mechanisms in many places and describes clearly-defined stages in reproduction, without providing a single statement marred by inaccuracy. Everything in the Qur'an is explained in simple terms which are easily understandable to man and in strict accordance with what was to be discovered much later on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Human reproduction is referred to in several dozen verses of the Qur'an, in various contexts. It is explained through statements which deal with one or more specific points. They must be assembled to give a general idea of the verses as a whole, and here, as for the other subjects already examined, the commentary is in this way made easier.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;REMINDER OF CERTAIN BASIC CONCEPTS.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is imperative to recall certain basic concepts which were unknown at the time of the Qur'anic Revelation and the centuries that followed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Human reproduction is effected by a series of processes which we share in common with mammals. The starting point is the fertilization of an ovule which has detached itself from the ovary.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It takes place in the Fallopian tubes half-way through the menstrual cycle. The fertilizing agent is the male sperm, or more exactly, the spermatozoon, a single fertilizing cell being all that is needed. To ensure fertilization therefore, an infinitely small quantity of spermatic liquid containing a large number of spermatozoons (tens of millions at a time) is .required. This liquid is produced by the testicles and temporarily stored in a system of reservoirs and canals that finally lead into the urinary tract; other glands are situated along the latter which contribute their own additional secretions to the sperm itself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The implantation of the egg fertilized by this process takes place at a precise spot in the female reproductive system: it descends into the uterus via a Fallopian tube and lodges in the body of the uterus where it soon literally implants itself by insertion into the thickness of the mucosa and of the muscle, once the placenta has been formed and with the aid of the latter. If the implantation of the fertilized egg takes place, for example, in the Fallopian tubes instead of in the uterus, pregnancy will be interrupted.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Once the embryo begins to be observable to the naked eye, it looks like a small mass of flesh at the centre of which the appearance of a human being is at first indistinguishable. It grows there in progressive stages which are very well known today; they lead to the bone structure, the muscles, the nervous system, the circulation, and the viscerae, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These notions will serve as the terms of reference against which the statements in the Qur'an on reproduction are to be compared.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;HUMAN REPRODUCTION IN THE QUR'AN.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is not easy to gain an idea of what the Qur'an contains on this subject. The first difficulty arises from the fact already mentioned, i.e. that the statements dealing with this subject are scattered throughout the Book. This is not however a major difficulty. What is more likely to mislead the inquiring reader is, once again, the problem of vocabulary.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In fact there are still many translations and commentaries in circulation today that can give a completely false idea of the Qur'anic Revelation on this subject to the scientist who reads them. The majority of translations describe, for example, man's formation from a 'blood clot' or an 'adhesion'. A statement of this kind is totally unacceptable to scientists specializing in this field. In the paragraph dealing with the implantation of the egg in the maternal uterus, we shall see the reasons why distinguished Arabists who lack a scientific background have made such blunders.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This observation implies how great the importance of an association between linguistic and scientific knowledge is when it comes to grasping the meaning of Qur'anic statements on reproduction.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an sets out by stressing the successive transformations the embryo undergoes before reaching its destination in the maternal uterus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 82, verses 6 to 8:&lt;br /&gt;"O Man! Who deceives you about your Lord the Noble, Who created you and fashioned you in due proportion and gave you any form He willed." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 71, verse 14:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) fashioned you in (different) stages." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Along with this very general observation, the text of the Qur'an draws attention to several points concerning reproduction which might be listed as follows:&lt;br /&gt;1) fertilization is performed by only a very small volume of liquid.&lt;br /&gt;2) the constituents of the fertilizing liquid.&lt;br /&gt;3) the implantation of the fertilized egg.&lt;br /&gt;4) the evolution of the embryo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Fertilization is Performed by Only a Very Small Volume of Liquid.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an repeats this concept eleven times using the following expression:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 16, verse 4:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) fashioned man from a small quantity (of sperm)." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Arabic word nutfa has been translated by the words 'small quantity (of sperm)' because we do not have the terms that are strictly appropriate. This word comes from a verb signifying 'to dribble, to trickle'; it is used to describe what remains at the bottom of a bucket that has been emptied out. It therefore indicates a very small quantity of liquid. Here it is sperm because the word is associated in another verse with the word sperm.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 75, verse 37:&lt;br /&gt;"Was (man) not a small quantity of sperm which has been poured out?" &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here the Arabic word mani signifies sperm.&lt;br /&gt;Another verse indicates that the small quantity in question is put in a 'firmly established lodging' (qarar) which obviously means the genital organs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 23, verse 13. God is speaking:&lt;br /&gt;"Then We placed (man) as a small quantity (of sperm) in a safe lodging firmly established." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It must be added that the adjective which in this text refers to the 'firmly established lodging' makin is, I think, hardly translatable. It expresses the idea of a firmly established and respected place. However this may be, it refers to the spot where man grows in the maternal organism. It IS important to stress the concept of a very small quantity of liquid needed in the fertilization process, which is strictly in agreement with what we know on this subject today.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. The Constituents of the Fertilizing Liquid.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an describes the liquid enabling fertilization to take place in terms which it is interesting to examine:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) 'sperm', as has been stated precisely (sura 75, verse 37) &lt;br /&gt;b) 'a liquid poured out'. "Man was fashioned from a liquid poured out" (sura 86, verse 6) &lt;br /&gt;c) 'a despised liquid' (sura 32, verse 8 and sura 77, verse 20) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The adjective 'despised' (mahin) would, it seems, be interpreted not so much on account of the nature of the liquid itself, as more the fact that it is emitted through the outlet of the urinary tract, using the channels that are employed for passing urine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;d) 'Mixtures' or 'mingled liquids' (amsaj): "Verily, we fashioned man from a small quantity of mingled liquids" (sura 76, verse 2) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many commentators, like professor Hamidullah, consider these liquids to be the male and female agents. The same view was shared by older commentators, who could not have had any idea of the physiology of fertilization, especially its biological conditions in the case of the woman. They thought that the word simply meant the unification of the two elements.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Modern authors however, like the commentator of the Muntakab edited by the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, Cairo, have corrected this view and note here that the 'small quantity of sperm' is made up of various component parts. The commentator in the Muntakab does not go into detail, but in my opinion it is a very judicious observation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What are the components parts of sperm?&lt;br /&gt;Spermatic liquid is formed by various secretions which come from the following glands:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) the testicles: the secretion of the male genital gland contains spermatozoons, which are elongated cells with a long flagellum; they are bathed in a sero-fluid liquid.&lt;br /&gt;b) the seminal vesicles. these organs are reservoirs of spermatozoons and are placed near the prostate gland; they also secrete their own liquid but it does not contain any fertilizing agents.&lt;br /&gt;c) the prostate gland: this secretes a liquid which gives the sperm its creamy texture and characteristic odour.&lt;br /&gt;d) the glands annexed to the urinary tract: Cooper's or Méry's glands secrete a stringy liquid and Littré's glands give off mucous.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These are the origins of the 'mingled liquids' which the Qur'an would appear to refer to.&lt;br /&gt;There is, however, more to be said on this subject. When the Qur'an talks of a fertilizing liquid composed of different components, it also informs us that man's progeny will be maintained by something which may be extracted from this liquid.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is the meaning of verse 8, sura 32:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) made his progeny from the quintessence of a despised liquid." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Arabic word, translated here by the word 'quintessence', is sulala. It signifies 'something which is extracted, the issue of something else, the best part of a thing'. In whatever way it is translated, it refers to a part of a whole.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fertilization of the egg and reproduction are produced by a cell that is very elongated: its dimensions are measured in ten thousandths of a millimetre. In normal conditions[77], only one single cell among several tens of millions produced by a man will actually penetrate the ovule; a large number of them are left behind and never complete the journey which leads from the vagina to the ovule, passing through the uterus and Fallopian tubes. It is therefore an infinitesimally small part of the extract from a liquid whose composition is highly complex which actually fulfills its function.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In consequence, it is difficult not to be struck by the agreement between the text of the Qur'an and the scientific knowledge we possess today of these phenomena.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. The Implantation of the Egg In the Female Genital Organs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Once the egg has been fertilized in the Fallopian tube it descends to lodge inside the uterus; this is called the 'implantation of the egg'. The Qur'an names the lodging of the fertilized egg womb:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-sura 22, verse 5:&lt;br /&gt;"We cause whom We[78] will to rest in the womb for an appointed term."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The implantation of the egg in the uterus (womb) is the result of the development of villosities, veritable elongations of the egg, which, like roots in the soil, draw nourishment from the thickness of the uterus necessary to the egg's growth. These formations make the egg literally cling to the uterus. This is a discovery of modern times.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The act of clinging is described five different times in the Qur'an. Firstly in verses 1 and 2 of sura 96:&lt;br /&gt;"Read, in the name of thy Lord Who fashioned, &lt;br /&gt;Who fashioned man from something which clings." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'Something which clings' is the translation of the word 'alaq. It is the original meaning of the word. A meaning derived from it, 'blood clot', often figures in translation; it is a mistake against which one should guard: man has never passed through the stage of being a 'blood clot'. The same is true for another translation of this term, 'adhesion' which is equally inappropriate. The original sense of 'something which clings' corresponds exactly to today's firmly established reality.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This concept is recalled in four other verses which describe successive transformations from the small quantity of sperm through to the end:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 22, verse 5:&lt;br /&gt;"We have fashioned you from . . . something which clings."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 23, verse 14:&lt;br /&gt;"We have fashioned the small quantity (of sperm) into something which clings."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 40, verse 67:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) fashioned you from a small quantity (of sperm), from something which clings."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-sura 75, verse 37-38:&lt;br /&gt;"Was (man) not a small quantity of sperm which has been poured out? After that he was something which clings; then God fashioned him in due proportion." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The organ which harbours the pregnancy is qualified in the Qur'an by a word which, as we have seen, is still used in Arabic to signify the uterus. In some suras, it is called a 'lodging firmly established' (sura 23, verse 13, quoted above and sura 77, verse 21)[79].&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Evolution of the Embryo inside the Uterus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'anic description of certain stages in the development of the embryo corresponds exactly to what we today know about it, and the Qur'an does not contain a single statement that is open to criticism from modern science.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After 'the thing which clings' (an expression which is well-founded, as we have seen) the Qur'an informs us that the embryo passes through the stage of 'chewed flesh', then osseous tissue appears and is clad in flesh (defined by a different word from the preceding which signifies 'intact flesh').&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 23, verse 14:&lt;br /&gt;"We fashioned the thing which clings into a chewed lump of flesh and We fashioned the chewed flesh into bones and We clothed the bones with intact flesh." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'Chewed flesh' is the translation of the word mudga; 'intact flesh' is lahm. This distinction needs to be stressed. The embryo is initially a small mass. At a certain stage in its development, it looks to the naked eye like chewed flesh. The bone structure develops inside this mass in what is called the mesenchyma. The bones that are formed are covered in muscle; the word lahm applies to them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another verse which requires extremely delicate interpretation is the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 39, verse 6:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) fashions you inside the bodies of your mothers, formation after formation, in three (veils of) darkness." (zulumat)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Modern intrepreters of the Qur'an see in this verse the three anatomical layers that protect the infant during gestation: the abdominal wall, the uterus itself, and the surroundings of the foetus (placenta, embryonic membranes, amniotic fluid).&lt;br /&gt;I am obliged to quote this verse for the sake of completeness; the terpretation given here does not seem to me to be disputable from an anatomical point of view but is this what the text of the Qur'an really means?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is known how certain parts appear to be completely out of proportion during embryonic development with what is later to become the individual, while others remain in proportion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is surely the meaning of the word mukallaq which signifies 'shaped in proportion' as used in verse 5, sura 22 to describe this phenomenon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We fashioned . . . into something which clings . . . into a lump of flesh in proportion and out of proportion." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an also describes the appearance of the senses and the viscerae:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 32, verse 9:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) appointed for you the sense of hearing, sight and the viscerae." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It refers to the formation of the sexual organs:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 53, verses 45-46:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) fashioned the two of a pair, the male and the female, from a small quantity (of sperm) when it is poured out." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The formation of the sexual organs is described in two sura of the Qur'an:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 35, verse 11:&lt;br /&gt;"God created you from dust, then from a sperm-drop, then He made you pairs (the male and female)."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 75, verse 39:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"And, (God) made of him a pair, the male and female." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As has already been noted, all statements in the Qur'an must be compared with today's firmly established concepts: the agreement between them is very clear. It is however very important to compare them with the general beliefs On this subject that were held at the time of the Qur'anic Revelation in order to realize just how far people were in those days from having views on these problems similar to those expressed here in the Qur'an. There can be no doubt that they would have been unable to interpret the Revelation in the way we can today because we are helped by the data modern knowledge affords us. It was, in fact, only during the Nineteenth century that people had a slightly clearer view of this question.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Throughout the Middle Ages, the most diversified doctrines originated in unfounded myths and speculations: they persisted for several centuries after this period. The most fundamental stage in the history of embryology was Harvey's statement (1651) that "all life initially comes from an egg". At this time however, when nascent science had nevertheless benefited greatly (for the subject in hand) from the invention of the microscope, people were still talking about the respective roles of the egg and the spermatozoon. Buffon, the great naturalist, was one of those in favor of the egg theory, but Bonnet supported the theory of the seeds being 'packed together'. the ovaries of Eve, the mother of the human race, were supposed to have contained the seeds of all human beings, packed together one inside the other. This hypothesis came into favor in the Eighteenth century.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;More than a thousand years before our time, at a period when whimsical doctrines still prevailed, men had a knowledge of the Qur'an. The statements it contains express in simple terms truths of primordial importance which man has taken centuries to discover.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THE QUR'AN AND SEX EDUCATION.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Our epoch believes that it has made manifold discoveries in all possible fields. It is thought that great innovations have been made in the field of sex education, and the knowledge of the facts of life which has been opened up to young people is regarded as an achievement of the modern world. Previous centuries were noted for their deliberate obscurity on this point and many people say that religion-without stating which religion-is the cause of it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The information set out above is proof however that fourteen centuries ago theoretical questions (as it were) on human reproduction were brought to man's attention. This was done as far as was possible, taking into account the fact that the anatomical and physiological data needed for further explanations were lacking. One should also remember that, to be understood, it was necessary to use simple language suited to the level of comprehension of those who listened to the Preaching.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Practical considerations have not been silently ignored. There are many details in the Qur'an on the practical side of life in general, and the way man should behave in the many situations of his existence. His sex life is no exception.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Two verses in the Qur'an deal with sexual relations themselves. They are described in terms which unite the need for precision with that of decency. When translations and explanatory commentaries are consulted however, one is struck by the divergences between them. I have pondered for a long time on the translation of such verses, and am indebted to Doctor A. K. Giraud, Former Professor at the Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, for the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 86, verse 6 and 7:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"(Man) was fashioned from a liquid poured out. It issued (as a result) of the conjunction of the sexual area of the man and the sexual area of the woman." The sexual area of the man is indicated in the text of the Qur'an by the world sulb (singular). The sexual areas of the woman are designated in the Qur'an by the word tara'ib (plural).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is the translation which appears to be most satisfactory. It is different from the one that is often given by English and French translators, i.e. " (Man) has been created by a liquid poured out which issues from between the vertebral column and the bones of the breast." This would seem more to be an interpretation than a translation. It is hardly comprehensible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The behavior of a man in his intimate relationships with his wife is stated explicitly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is the order concerning the menstruation period contained in verses 222 and 223, sura 2; God gives the following command to the Prophet:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 2, verses 222 and 223:&lt;br /&gt;"They (the Believers) question thee concerning menstruation. Say: This is an evil. Keep away from women during menstruation and do not approach them until they are clean. When they have purified themselves, go to them, as God ordered it to you.&lt;br /&gt;"Verily, God loves the repentants and loves those who purified themselves.&lt;br /&gt;"Your wives are a tilth. Go to your tilth as you will. Do (some good act) for your souls beforehand." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The beginning of this passage is very clear in meaning: it formally forbids a man to have sexual contact with a woman who has her period. The second part describes the process of tilling which the sower performs before sowing the seed which is to germinate and produce a new plant. Through this image therefore, stress is indirectly laid on the importance of bearing in mind the final purpose of sexual contact, i.e. reproduction. The translation of the final phrase is by R. Blachère: it contains an order which seems to refer to the preliminaries before sexual contact.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The orders given here are of a very general kind. The problem of contraception has been raised with regard to these verses: neither here, nor anywhere else, is reference made to this subject. &lt;br /&gt;Nor is provoked abortion referred to. The numerous passages quoted above on the successive transformations of the embryo make it quite clear, however, that man is considered to be constituted as of the stage described by the existence of 'something which clings'. This being so, the absolute respect of the individual human being, which is referred to so often in the Qur'an, brings with it a total condemnation of provoked abortion. This attitude is today shared by all monotheistic religions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sexual relations are permitted at night during the Fast in the month of Ramadan. The verse concerning Ramadan is as follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 2, verse 187:&lt;br /&gt;"Permitted to you, on the night of the fast, is to break chastity with your wives. They are a garment for you and you are a garment for them. So hold intercourse with them and seek what God has ordained for you." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In contrast to this, no exception to the rule is made for pilgrims in Makka during the celebration days of the Pilgrimage.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 2, verse 197:&lt;br /&gt;"For whom undertakes (the duty of) the Pilgrimage in its time, no wooing and no license." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This prohibition is formal, as is the fact that other activities are forbidden, e.g. hunting, fighting, etc.&lt;br /&gt;Menstruation is again mentioned in the Qur'an in connection with divorce. The Book contains the following verse:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 65, verse 4:&lt;br /&gt;"For your wives who despair of menstruation, if you doubt about them, their period of waiting will be three months. For those who never have their monthly periods and those who are pregnant their period will be until they lay down their burden." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The waiting period referred to here is the time between the announcement of the divorce and the time it comes into effect. Those women of whom it is said 'they despair of menstruation' have reached the menopause. A precautionary period of three months is envisaged for them. Once this period is completed, divorced women who have reached the menopause may remarry.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For those who have not yet menstruated, the pregnancy period has to be awaited. For pregnant women, divorce only comes into effect once the child is born.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All these laws are in perfect agreement with physiological data. One can, furthermore, find in the Qur'an the same judicious legal provision in the texts dealing with widowhood.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus, the theoretical statements dealing with reproduction, and the practical instructions on the sex life of couples, do not contradict and cannot be placed in opposition to the data we have from modern knowledge, nor with anything that can be logically derived from it.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-750730409738240607?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/750730409738240607/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=750730409738240607' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/750730409738240607'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/750730409738240607'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2007/12/human-reproduction.html' title='Human Reproduction'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-3758615036667252816</id><published>2007-12-14T04:43:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-14T04:43:44.402-08:00</updated><title type='text'>The Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms</title><content type='html'>The Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Numerous verses describing the origins of life have been assembled in this chapter, along with certain aspects of the vegetable kingdom and general or specific topics relating to the animal kingdom. The grouping of verses scattered throughout the Book affords a general view of the data the Qur'an contains on these subjects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the case of the subject of this and the following chapter, the examination of the Qur'anic text has sometimes been particularly delicate on account of certain difficulties inherent in the vocabulary. These have only been overcome through the fact that scientific data which have a bearing on the subject have been taken into consideration. It is particularly so in the case of living beings, i.e. animal, vegetable and human, where a confrontation with the teachings of science is shown to be indispensable in the search for the meaning of certain statements on these topics contained in the Qur'an.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It will become clear that numerous translations of these passages in the Qur'an, made by men of letters, must be deemed inaccurate by the scientist. The same holds true for commentaries made by those who do not possess the scientific knowledge necessary for an understanding of the text.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. THE ORIGINS OF LIFE.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This question has always preoccupied man, both for himself and for the living things around him. It will be examined here from a general point of view. The case of man, whose appearance on Earth and reproduction processes are the subject of lengthy exposés, will be dealt with in the next chapter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When the Qur'an describes the origins of life on a very broad basis, it is extremely concise. It does so in a verse that also mentions the process of the formation of the Universe, already quoted and commented on:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 21, verse 30:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Do not the Unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined together, then We clove them asunder and We got every living thing out of the water. Will they then not believe?" &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The notion of 'getting something out of something' does not give rise to any doubts. The phrase can equally mean that every living thing was made of water (as its essential component) or that every living thing originated in water. The two possible meanings are strictly in accordance with scientific data. Life is in fact of aquatic origin and water is the major component of all living cells. Without water, life is not possible. When the possibility of life on another planet is discussed, the first question is always: does it contain a sufficient quantity of water to support life?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Modern data lead us to think that the oldest living being must have belonged to the vegetable kingdom: algae have been found that date from the pre-Cambrian period, i.e. the time of the oldest known lands. Organisms belonging to the animal kingdom probably appeared slightly later. they too came from the sea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What has been translated here by 'water' is the word ma' which means both water in the sky and water in the sea, plus any kind of liquid. In the first meaning, water is the element necessary to all vegetable life:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 20, verse 53.&lt;br /&gt;"(God is the One Who) sent water down from the sky and thereby We brought forth pairs of plants each separate from the other." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is the first reference to the notion of a pair in the vegetable kingdom. We shall return to this later.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the second meaning, a liquid without any further indication of what kind, the word is used in its indeterminate form to designate what is at the basis of the formation of all animal life:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-sura 24, verse 45:&lt;br /&gt;"God created every animal from water." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We shall see further on how this word may also be applied to seminal fluid[70].&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Whether it deals therefore with the origins of life in general, or the element that gives birth to plants in the soil, or the seed of animals, all the statements contained in the Qur'an on the origin of life are strictly in accordance with modern scientific data. None of the myths on the origins of life that abounded at the time the Qur'an appeared are mentioned in the text.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;B. THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is not possible to quote in their entirety all the numerous passages in the Qur'an in which divine Beneficence is referred to concerning the salutary effect of the rain which makes vegetation grow. Here are just three verses on this subject:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 16, verses 10 and 11:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) is the One Who sends water down from the sky. For you this is a drink and out of it (grow) shrubs in which you let (cattle) graze freely. Therewith for you He makes sown fields, olives, palm-trees, vineyards and all kinds of fruit grow."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 6, verse 99:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) is the One Who sent water down from the sky. Therewith We brought forth plants of all kinds and from them the verdure and We brought forth from it the clustered grains, and from the palm-tree its spathes with bunches of dates (hanging) low, the gardens of grapes, olives and pomegranates similar and different. Look at their fruit, when they bear it, and their ripening. Verily, in that there are signs for people who believe."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 50, verses 9-11:&lt;br /&gt;"We sent down from the sky blessed water whereby We caused to grow gardens, grains for harvest, tall palm-trees with their spathes, piled one above the other-sustenance for (Our) servants. Therewith We give (new) life to a dead land. So will be the emergence (from the tombs)."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an adds to these general data others that refer to more specialized subjects:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Balance in the Vegetable Kingdom&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 15, verse 19:&lt;br /&gt;"The earth . . . We caused all kinds of things to grow therein in due balance."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Different Qualities of Various Foods&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 13, verse 4:&lt;br /&gt;"On the earth are adjacent parts; vineyards, sown fields, palm-trees, similar and not similar, watered with the same water. We make some of them more excellent than others to eat and verily in this are signs for wise people." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is interesting to note the existence of these verses because they show the sober quality of the terms used, and the absence of any description that might highlight the beliefs of the times, rather than fundamental truths. What particularly attracts our attention however, are the statements in the Qur'an concerning reproduction in the vegetable kingdom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reproduction in the Vegetable Kingdom&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One must bear in mind that there are two methods of reproduction in the vegetable kingdom: one sexual, the other asexual. It is only the first which in fact deserves the term 'reproduction', because this defines a biological process whose purpose is the appearance of a new individual identical to the one that gave it birth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Asexual reproduction is quite simply multiplication. It is the result of the fragmentation of an organism which has separated from the main plant and developed in such a way as to resemble the plant from which it came. It is considered by Guilliermond and Mangenot to be a 'special case of growth'. A very simple example of this is the cutting. a cutting taken from a plant is placed in suitably watered soil and regenerated by the growth of new roots. Some plants have organs specially designed for this, while others give off spores that behave like seeds, as it were, (it should be remembered that seeds are the results of a process of sexual reproduction).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sexual reproduction in the vegetable kingdom is carried out by the coupling of the male and female parts of the generic formations united on a same plant or located on separate plants.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is the only form that is mentioned in the Qur'an.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-aura 20, verse 53:&lt;br /&gt;"(God is the One Who) sent water down from the sky and thereby We brought forth pairs of plants each separate from the other." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'One of a pair' is the translation of zauj (plural azwaj) whose original meaning is: 'that which, in the company of another, forms a pair'; the word is used just as readily for a married couple as for a pair of shoes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 22, verse 5:&lt;br /&gt;"Thou seest the grounds lifeless. When We send down water thereon it shakes and grows and puts forth every magnificent pair (of plants)."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 31, verse 10:&lt;br /&gt;"We caused to grow (on the earth) every noble pair (of plants)." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 13, verse 3:&lt;br /&gt;"Of all fruits (God) placed (on the earth) two of a pair." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We know that fruit is the end-product of the reproduction process of superior plants which have the most highly developed and complex organization. The stage preceding fruit is the flower, which has male and female organs (stamens and ovules). The latter, once pollen has been carried to them, bear fruit which in turn matures and frees it seeds. All fruit therefore implies the existence of male and female organs. This is the meaning of the verse in the Qur'an.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It must be noted that for certain species, fruit can come from non-fertilized flowers (parthenocarpic fruit), e.g. bananas, certain types of pineapple, fig, orange, and vine. They can nevertheless also come from plants that have definite sexual characteristics.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The culmination of the reproductive process comes with the germination of the seed once its outside casing is opened (sometimes it is compacted into a fruit-stone). This opening allows roots to emerge which draw from the soil all that is necessary for the plant's slowed-down life as a seed while it grows and produces a new plant.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A verse in the Qur'an refers to this process of germination:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 6, verse 95:&lt;br /&gt;"Verily, God splits the grain and the fruit-stone." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an often restates the existence of these components of a pair in the vegetable kingdom and brings the notion of a couple into a more general context, without set limits:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 36, Verse 36:&lt;br /&gt;"Glory be to Him Who created the components of couples of every kind: of what the ground caused to grow, of themselves (human beings) and of what you do not know." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One could form many hypotheses concerning the meaning of the 'things men did not know' in Muhammad's day. Today we can distinguish structures or coupled functions for them, going from the infinitesimally small to the infinitely large, in the living as well as the non-living world. The point is to remember these clearly expressed ideas and note, once again, that they are in perfect agreement with modern science.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C. THE ANIMAL KINGDOM&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are several questions in the Qur'an concerning the animal kingdom which are the subject of comments that call for a confrontation with modern scientific knowledge. Here again, however, one would gain an incomplete view of all that the Qur'an contains on this subject if one were to leave out a passage such as the extract which follows. In this passage, the creation of certain elements in the animal kingdom is described with the purpose of making man reflect upon the divine Beneficence extended to him. It is quoted basically to provide an example of the way in which the Qur'an describes the harmonious adaptation of Creation to man's needs; it relates in particular the case of those people who live in a rural setting, since there is nothing that could be examined from a different point of view.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-sura 16, verses 5 to 8:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) created cattle for you and (you find) in them warmth, useful services and food, sense of beauty when you bring them home and when you take them to pasture. They bear your heavy loads to lands you could not reach except with great personal effort. Verily, your Lord is Compassionate and Merciful; (He created) horses, mules and donkeys for you to ride and for ornament. And He created what you do not know." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alongside these general remarks, the Qur'an sets out certain data on highly diversified subjects:&lt;br /&gt;--reproduction in the animal kingdom.&lt;br /&gt;--references to the existence of animal communities.&lt;br /&gt;--statements concerning bees, spiders and birds.&lt;br /&gt;--remarks on the source of constituents of animal milk.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Reproduction in the Animal Kingdom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is very summarily dealt with in verses 45 and 46, sura 53:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) fashioned the two of a pair, the male and the female, from a small quantity of liquid when it is poured out." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The 'pair' is the same expression that we have already encountered in the verses which deal with reproduction in the vegetable kingdom. Here, the sexes are given. The detail which is absolutely remarkable is the precision with which it is stated that a small quantity of liquid is required for reproduction. The word itself signifying 'sperm' is used. The relevance of this remark will be commented upon in the next chapter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. References to the Existence of Animal Communities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 6, Verse 38: &lt;br /&gt;"There is no animal on earth, no bird which flies on wings, that (does not belong to) communities like you. We have not neglected anything in the Book (of Decrees). Then to their Lord they will be gathered." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are several points in this verse which require comment. Firstly, it would seem that there is a description of what happens to animals after their death: Islam does not apparently, have any doctrine on this point. Then there is predestination in general[71] which would seem to be mentioned here. It could be conceived as absolute predestination or relative, i.e. limited to structures and a functional organization that condition modes of behaviour: the animal acts upon various exterior impulses in terms of a particular conditioning.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Blachère states that an older commentator, such as Razi, thought that this verse only referred to instinctive actions whereby animals worship God. Sheik Si Boubakeur Hamza, in the commentary to his translation of the Koran, speaks of "the instinct which, according to Divine Wisdom, pushes all beings to group together, so that they demand that the work of each member serve the whole group." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Animal behaviour has been closely investigated in recent decades, with the result that genuine animal communities have been shown to exist. Of course, for a long time now the results of a group or community's work have been examined and this has led to the acceptance of a community organization. It has only been recently however, that the mechanisms which preside over this kind of organization have been discovered for certain species. The most studied and best known case is undoubtedly that of bees, to whose behaviour the name von Frisch is linked. Von Frisch, Lorenz and Tinbergen received the 1973 Nobel Prize for their work in this field.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Statements Concerning Bees, Spiders and Birds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When specialists on the nervous system wish to provide striking examples of the prodigious organization directing animal behaviour, possibly the animals referred to most frequently are bees, spiders and birds (especially migratory birds). Whatever the case, there is no doubt that these three groups constitute a model of highly evolved organization.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The fact that the text of the Qur'an refers to this exemplary trio in the animal kingdom is in absolute keeping with the exceptionally interesting character that each of these animals has from a scientific point of view.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bees&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the Qur'an, bees are the subject of the longest commentary:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--Sura 16, verses 68 and 69:[72] &lt;br /&gt;"Thy Lord inspired the bees: Choose your dwelling in the hills, in the trees and in what (man) built. Eat of all fruit and follow the ways of your Lord in humility. From within their bodies comes a liquor of different colours where is a remedy for men." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is difficult to know what exactly is meant by the order to follow the ways of the Lord in humility, unless it is to be seen in general terms. All that may be said, with regard to the knowledge that has been gained of their behaviour, is that here-as in each of the three animal eases mentioned as examples in the Qur'an-there is a remarkable nervous organization supporting their behaviour. It is known that the pattern of a bee's dance is a means of communication to other bees; in this way, bees are able to convey to their own species the direction and distance of flowers from which nectar is to be gathered. The famous experiment performed by von Frisch has shown the meaning of this insect's movement which is intented to transmit information between worker bees.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Spiders&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Spiders are mentioned in the Qur'an to stress the flimsiness of their dwelling which is the most fragile of all. They have a refuge that is as precarious, according to the Qur'an, as the dwelling of those who have chosen masters other than God.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 29, verse 41:&lt;br /&gt;"Those who choose masters other than God are like the spider when it takes for itself a dwelling. Verily, the flimsiest dwelling is the dwelling of the spider. If they but knew." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A spider's web is indeed constituted of silken threads secreted by the animal's glands and their calibre is infinitely fine. Its fragility cannot be imitated by man. Naturalists are intrigued by the extraordinary pattern of work recorded by the animal's nervous cells, which allows it to produce a geometrically perfect web.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Birds&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Birds are frequently mentioned in the Qur'an. They appear in episodes in the life of Abraham, Joseph, David, Solomon and Jesus. These references do not however have any bearing on the subject in hand.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The verse concerning the existence of animal communities on the ground and bird communities in the sky has been noted above:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 6 verse 38:&lt;br /&gt;"There is no animal on the earth, no bird which flies on wings, that (does not belong to) communities like you. We have not neglected anything in the Book (of Decrees) . Then to their Lord they will be gathered." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Two other verses highlight the birds' strict submission to God's Power.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 16, verse 79:&lt;br /&gt;"Do they not look at the birds subjected in the atmosphere of the sky? None can hold them up (in His Power) except God." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 67, verse 19:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Have they not looked at the birds above them spreading their wings out and folding them? None can hold them up (in his Power) except the Beneficent." The translation of one single word in each of these verses is a very delicate matter. The translation given here expresses the idea that God holds the birds up in His Power. The Arabic verb in question is amsaka, whose original meaning is 'to put one's hand on, seize, hold, hold someone back'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An illuminating comparison can be made between these verses, which stress the extremely close dependence of the birds' behavior on divine order, to modern data showing the degree of perfection attained by certain species of bird with regard to the programming of their movements. It is only the existence of a migratory programme in the genetic code of birds that can account for the extremely long and complicated journeys which very young birds, without any prior experience and without any guide, are able to accomplish. This is in addition to their ability to return to their departure point on a prescribed date. Professor Hamburger in his book, Power and Fragility (La Puissance et la Fragilité)[73], gives as an example the well-known case of the 'mutton-bird' that lives in the Pacific, with its journey of over 16,500 miles in the shape of the figure 8[74]. It must be acknowledged that the highly complicated instructions for a journey of this kind simply have to be contained in the bird's nervous cells. They are most definitely programmed, but who is the programmer?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. The Source of the Constituents of Animal Milk.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is defined in the Qur'an in strict accordance with the data of modern knowledge (sura 16, verse 66). The translation and interpretation of this verse given here is my own because even modern translations habitually give it a meaning which is, in my opinion, hardly acceptable. Here are two examples:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--R. Blachère's translation:[75] &lt;br /&gt;"Verily, in your cattle there is a lesson for you! We give you a pure milk to drink, excellent for its drinkers; (it comes) from what, in their bellies, is between digested food and blood."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--Professor Hamidullah's translation:[76] &lt;br /&gt;"Verily, there is food for thought in your cattle. From what is in their bellies, among their excrement and blood, We make you drink pure milk, easy for drinkers to imbibe." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If these texts were shown to a physiologist, he would reply that they were extremely obscure, the reason being that there hardly appears to be much agreement between them and modern notions, even on a very elementary level. These translations are the work of highly eminent Arabists. It is a well known fact however, that a translator, even an expert, is liable to make mistakes in the translation of scientific statements, unless he happens to be a specialist in the discipline in question. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The most valid translation seems to me to be the following:&lt;br /&gt;"Verily, in cattle there is a lesson for you. We give you to drink of what is inside their bodies, coming from a conjunction between the contents of the intestine and the blood, a milk pure and pleasant for those who drink it." (sura 16, verse 66)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This interpretation is very close to the one given in the Muntakab, 1973, edited by the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, Cairo, which relies for its support on modern physiology.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From the point of view of its vocabulary, the proposed translation may be justified as follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I have translated «inside their bodies' and not, as R. Blachère and Professor Hamidullah have done, 'inside their bellies'. This is because the word batn also means 'middle', «interior of something', as well as 'belly'. The word does not here have a meaning that is anatomically precise. 'Inside their bodies' seems to concur perfectly with the context.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The notion of a 'primary origin' of the constituents of milk is expressed by the word min (in English 'from') and the idea of a conjunction by the word baini. The latter not only signifies «among' but also 'between' in the other translations quoted. It is however also used to express the idea that two things or two people are brought together.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From a scientific point of view, physiological notions must be called upon to grasp the meaning of this verse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The substances that ensure the general nutrition of the body come from chemical transformations which occur along the length of the digestive tract. These substances come from the contents of the intestine. On arrival in the intestine at the appropriate stage of chemical transformation, they pass through its wall and towards the systemic circulation. This passage is effected in two ways: either directly, by what are called the 'lymphatic vessels', or indirectly, by the portal circulation. This conducts them first to the liver, where they undergo alterations, and from here they then emerge to join the systemic circulation. In this way everything passes through the bloodstream.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The constituents of milk are secreted by the mammary glands. These are nourished, as it were, by the product of food digestion brought to them via the bloodstream. Blood therefore plays the role of collector and conductor of what has been extracted from food, and it brings nutrition to the mammary glands, the producers of milk, as it does to any other organ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here the initial process which sets everything else in motion is the bringing together of the contents of the intestine and blood at the level of the intestinal wall itself. This very precise concept is the result of the discoveries made in the chemistry and physiology of the digestive system. It was totally unknown at the time of the Prophet Muhammad and has been understood only in recent times. The discovery of the circulation of the blood, was made by Harvey roughly ten centuries after the Qur'anic Rev elation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I consider that the existence in the Qur'an of the verse referring to these concepts can have no human explanation on account of the period in which they were formulated.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-3758615036667252816?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/3758615036667252816/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=3758615036667252816' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/3758615036667252816'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/3758615036667252816'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2007/12/animal-and-vegetable-kingdoms.html' title='The Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-6451980180296657258</id><published>2007-12-14T04:42:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-14T04:43:16.242-08:00</updated><title type='text'>The Earth</title><content type='html'>The Earth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As in the case of the subjects already examined, the verses of the Qur'an dealing with the Earth are dispersed throughout the Book. It is difficult to classify them, and the scheme adopted here is a personal one.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To explain them more clearly, one might begin by singling out a certain number of verses that deal with more than one subject at a time. These verses are largely general in their application and constitute an invitation extended to men to reflect on divine Beneficence by pondering on the examples provided.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other groups of verses may be singled out which deal with more specific subjects, as follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--the water cycle and the seas.&lt;br /&gt;--the Earth's relief.&lt;br /&gt;--the Earth's atmosphere.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. VERSES CONTAINING GENERAL STATEMENTS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although these verses provide arguments intended to lead man to meditate on the Beneficence of God towards His creatures, here and there they contain statements that are interesting from the point of view of modern science. They are perhaps especially revealing by virtue of the fact that they do not express the varied beliefs concerning natural phenomena that were current at the time of the Qur'anic Revelation. These beliefs were later to be shown by scientific knowledge to be mistaken.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the one hand, these verses express simple ideas readily understood by to those people to whom, for geographical reasons, the Qur'an was first directed: the inhabitants of Makka and Madina, the Bedouins of the Arabian Peninsula. On the other hand, they contain reflections of a general nature from which a more cultivated public of any time and place may learn something instructive, once it starts to think about them: this is a mark of the Qur'an's universality.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As there is apparently no classification of such verses in the Qur'an, they are presented here in the numerical order of the suras:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 2, verse 22:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) is the One who made the earth a couch for you and the heavens an edifice, and sent down water from the sky. He brought forth therewith fruits for your sustenance. Do not join equals with God when you know."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 2, verse 164:&lt;br /&gt;"Behold! In the creation of the heavens and the earth, &lt;br /&gt;In the disparity of night and day, &lt;br /&gt;In the ship which runs upon the sea for the profit of mankind, &lt;br /&gt;In the water which God sent down from the sky thereby reviving the earth after its death, &lt;br /&gt;In the beasts of all kinds He scatters therein, &lt;br /&gt;In the change of the winds and the subjected clouds between the sky and earth, &lt;br /&gt;Here are Signs for people who are wise." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 13, verse 3:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) is the One who spread out the earth and set therein mountains standing firm and rivers. For every fruit He placed two of a pair. He covers the day with the night. Verily in this there are Signs for people who reflect." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 15, verses 19 to 21. God is speaking:&lt;br /&gt;"The earth, We spread it out and set thereon mountains standing firm. We caused all kind of things to grow therein in due balance. Therein W e have provided you and those you do not supply with means of subsistence and there is not a thing but its stores are with Us. We do not send it down save in appointed measure." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 20, verses 53 and 54:&lt;br /&gt;"(God is) the One Who has made for you the earth like a cradle and inserted roads into it for you. He sent water down from the sky and thereby We brought forth pairs of plants, each separate from the other. Eat! Pasture your cattle ! Verily in this are Signs for people endued with intelligence."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 27, verse 61:&lt;br /&gt;"He Who made the earth an abode and set rivers in its interstices and mountains standing firm. He placed a barrier between the two seas. Is there any divinity besides God? Nay, but most people do not know." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here a reference is made to the general stability of the Earth's crust. It is known that at the early stages of the Earth's existence before its crust cooled down, the latter was unstable. The stability of the Earth's crust is not however strictly uniform, since there are zones where earthquakes intermittently occur. As to the barrier between the two seas, it is an image which signifies that the waters of the great rivers and the waters of the sea do not mix at the level of certain large estuaries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 67, verse 15:&lt;br /&gt;"(God is) the One Who made the earth docile to you. So walk upon its shoulders! Eat of His sustenance! Unto Him will be the Resurrection."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 79, verses 30-33:&lt;br /&gt;"After that (God) spread the earth out. Therefrom He drew out its water and its pasture. And the mountains He has firmly fixed. Goods for you and for your cattle." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In many such verses, emphasis is laid upon the importance of water and the practical consequences of its presence in the earth's soil, i.e. the fertility of the soil. There can be no doubt that in desert countries, water is the most important element governing man's survival. The reference in the Qur'an however goes beyond this geographical detail. According to scientific knowledge the character the Earth has of a planet that is rich in water is unique to the solar system, and this is exactly what is highlighted in the Qur'an. Without water, the Earth would be a dead planet like the Moon. The Qur'an gives first place to water among the natural phenomena of the Earth that it refers to. The water cycle is described with remarkable accuracy in the Qur'an.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;B. THE WATER CYCLE AND THE SEAS.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When the verses of the Qur'an concerning the role of water in man's existence are read in succession today. they all appear to us to express ideas that are quite obvious. The reason for this is simple: in our day and age, we all, to a lesser or greater extent, know about the water cycle in nature.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If however, we consider the various concepts the ancients had on this subject, it becomes clear that the data in the Qur'an do not embody the mythical concepts current at the time of the Revelation which had been developed more according to philosophical speculation than observed phenomena. Although it was empirically possible to acquire on a modest scale, the useful practical knowledge necessary for the improvement of the irrigation, the concepts held on the water cycle in general would hardly be acceptable today.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus it would have been easy to imagine that underground water could have come from the infiltration of precipitations in the soil. In ancient times however, this idea, held by Vitruvius Polio Marcus in Rome, 1st century B.C., was cited as an exception. For many centuries therefore (and the Qur'anic Revelation is situated during this period) man held totally inaccurate views on the water cycle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Two specialists on this subject, G. Gastany and B. Blavoux, in their entry in the Universalis Encyclopedia (Encyclopedia Universalis) under the heading Hydrogeology (Hydrogéologie), give an edifying history of this problem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"In the Seventh century B.C., Thales of Miletus held the theory whereby the waters of the oceans, under the effect of winds, were thrust towards the interior of the continents; so the water fell upon the earth and penetrated into the soil. Plato shared these views and thought that the return of the waters to the oceans was via a great abyss, the 'Tartarus'. This theory had many supporters until the Eighteenth century, one of whom was Descartes. Aristotle imagined that the water vapour from the soil condensed in cool mountain caverns and formed underground lakes that fed springs. He was followed by Seneca (1st Century A.D.) and many others, until 1877, among them O. Volger . . . The first clear formulation of the water cycle must be attributed to Bernard Palissy in 1580. he claimed that underground water came from rainwater infiltrating into the soil. This theory was confirmed by E. Mariotte and P. Perrault in the Seventeenth century.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the following passages from the Qur'an, there is no trace of the mistaken ideas that were current at the time of Muhammad:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 50, verses 9 to 11:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We[68] sent down from the sky blessed water whereby We caused to grow gardens, grains for harvest, tall palm-trees with their spathes, piled one above the other-sustenance for (Our) servants. Therewith We gave (new) life to a dead land. So will be the emergence (from the tombs)." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 23, verses 18 and 19:&lt;br /&gt;"We sent down water from the sky in measure and lodged it in the ground. And We certainly are able to withdraw it. Therewith for you We gave rise to gardens of palm-trees and vineyards where for you are abundant fruits and of them you eat." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 15, verse 22:&lt;br /&gt;"We sent forth the winds that fecundate. We cause the water to descend from the sky. We provide you with the water-you (could) not be the guardians of its reserves." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are two possible interpretations of this last verse. The fecundating winds may be taken to be the fertilizers of plants because they carry pollen. This may, however, be a figurative expression referring by analogy to the role the wind plays in the process whereby a non-raincarrying cloud is turned into one that produces a shower of rain. This role is often referred to, as in the following verses:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 35, verse 9:&lt;br /&gt;"God is the One Who sends forth the winds which raised up the clouds. We drive them to a dead land. Therewith We revive the ground after its death. So will be the Resurrection." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It should be noted how the style is descriptive in the first part of the verse, then passes without transition to a declaration from God. Such sudden changes in the form of the narration are very frequent in the Qur'an.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 30, verse 48:&lt;br /&gt;"God is the One Who sends forth the winds which raised up the clouds. He spreads them in the sky as He wills and breaks them into fragments. Then thou seest raindrops issuing from within them. He makes them reach such of His servants as He wills. And they are rejoicing." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 7, verse 57:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) is the One Who sends forth the winds like heralds of His Mercy. When they have carried the heavy-laden clouds, We drive them to a dead land. Then We cause water to descend and thereby bring forth fruits of every kind. Thus We will bring forth the dead. Maybe you will remember."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 25, verses 48 and 49:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) is the One Who sends forth the winds like heralds of His Mercy. We cause pure water to descend in order to revive a dead land with it and to supply with drink the multitude of cattle and human beings We have created." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 45, verse 5:&lt;br /&gt;". . . In the provision that God sends down from the sky and thereby He revives the ground after its death and in the change (of direction) of winds, there are Signs for people who are wise." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The provision made in this last verse is in the form of the water sent down from the sky, as the context shows. The accent is on the change of the winds that modify the rain cycle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sure 13, verse 17:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) sends water down from the sky so that the rivers flow according to their measure. The torrent bears away an increasing foam."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-sura 67, verse 30, God commands the Prophet:&lt;br /&gt;"Say. Do you see if your water were to be lost in the ground, who then can supply you with gushing water?" &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-sura 39, verse 21:&lt;br /&gt;"Hast thou not seen that God sent water down from the sky and led it through sources into the ground? Then He caused sown fields of different colors to grow." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 36, verse 34:&lt;br /&gt;"Therein We placed gardens of palm-trees and vineyards and We caused water springs to gush forth."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The importance of springs and the way they are fed by rainwater conducted into them is stressed in the last three verses. It is worth pausing to examine this fact and call to mind the predominance in the Middle Ages of views such as those held by Aristotle, according to whom springs were fed by underground lakes. In his entry on Hydrology (Hydrologie) in the Universalis Encyclopedia (Encyclopedia Universalis) M.R. Remenieras, a teacher at the French National School of Agronomy (Ecole nationale du Genie rural, des Eaux et Forêts), describes the main stages of hydrology and refers to the magnificent irrigation works of the ancients, particularly in the Middle East. He notes however that an empirical outlook ruled over everything, since the ideas of the time proceeded from mistaken concepts. He continues as follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"It was not until the Renaissance (between circa 1400 and 1600) that purely philosophical concepts gave way to research based on the objective observation of hydrologic phenomena. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) rebelled against Aristotle's statements. Bernard Palissy, in his Wonderful discourse on the nature of waters and fountains both natural and artificial (Discours admirable de la nature des eaux et fontaines tant naturelles qu'artificielles (Paris, 1570)) gives a correct interpretation of the water cycle and especially of the way springs are fed by rainwater." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This last statement is surely exactly what is mentioned in verse 21, sura 39 describing the way rainwater is conducted into sources in the ground.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The subject of verse 43, sura 24 is rain and hail:&lt;br /&gt;"Hast thou not seen that God makes the clouds move gently, then joins them together, then makes them a heap. And thou seest raindrops issuing from within it. He sends down from the sky mountains of hail, He strikes therewith whom He wills and He turns it away from whom He wills. The flashing of its lightning almost snatches away the sight." The following passage requires some comment:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 56, verses 68-70:&lt;br /&gt;"Have you observed the water you drink? Do you bring it down from the rainclouds? Or do We? If it were Our will, We could make it salty. Then why are you not thankful?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This reference to the fact that God could have made fresh water salty is a way of expressing divine Omnipotence. Another means of reminding us of the same Omnipotence is the challenge to man to make rain fall from the clouds. In modern times however, technology has surely made it possible to create rain artificially. Can one therefore oppose the statement in the Qur'an to man's ability to produce precipitations?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The answer is no, because it seems clear that one must take account of man's limitations in this field. M.A. Facy, an expert at the French Meteorological Office, wrote the following in the Universalis Encyclopedia (Encyclopedia Universalis) under the heading Precipitations (Precipitations): "It will never be possible to make rain fall from a cloud that does not have the suitable characteristics of a raincloud or one that has not yet reached the appropriate stage of evolution (maturity)". Man can never therefore hasten the precipitation process by technical means when the natural conditions for it are not present. If this were not the case, droughts would never occur in practice-which they obviously do. To have control over rain and fine weather still remains a dream therefore.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Man cannot willfully break the established cycle that maintains the circulation of water in nature. This cycle may be outlined as follows, according to modern ideas on hydrology.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The calories obtained from the Sun's rays cause the sea and those parts of the Earth's surface that are covered or soaked in water to evaporate. The water vapour that is given off rises into the atmosphere and, by condensation, forms into clouds. The winds then intervene and move the clouds thus formed over varying distances. The clouds can then either disperse without producing rain, or combine their mass with others to create even greater condensation, or they can fragment and produce rain at some stages in their evolution. When rain reaches the sea (70% of the Earth's surface is covered by seas), the cycle is soon repeated. When rain falls on the land, it may be absorbed by vegetation and thus aid the latter's growth; the vegetation in its turn gives off water and thus returns some water to the atmosphere. The rest, to a lesser or greater extent, infiltrates into the soil, whence it is either conducted through channels into the sea, or comes back to the Earth's surface. network through springs or resurgences.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When one compares the modern data of hydrology to what is contained in the numerous verses of the Qur'an quoted in this paragraph, one has to admit that there is a remarkable degree of agreement between them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Seas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Whereas the above verses from the Qur'an have provided material for comparison between modern knowledge about the water cycle in nature, this is not the case for the seas. There is not a single statement in the Qur'an dealing with the seas which could be used for comparison with scientific data per se. This does not diminish the necessity of pointing out however that none of the statements in the Qur'an on the seas refers to the beliefs, myths or superstitions prevalent at the time of its Revelation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A certain number of verses deal with the seas and navigation. As subjects for reflection, they provide indications of divine Omnipotence that arise from the facts of common observation. The following verses are examples of this:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 14, verse 32:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) has made the ship subject to you, so that it runs upon the sea at His Command." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 16, verse 14:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) is the One Who subjected the sea, so that you eat fresh meat from it and you extract from it ornaments which you wear. Thou seest the ships plowing the waves, so that you seek of His Bounty. Maybe, you will be thankful." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 31, verse 31:&lt;br /&gt;"Hast thou seen that the ship runs upon the sea by the Grace of God, in order to show you His signs. Verily in this are Signs for all who are persevering and grateful." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 55, verse 24:&lt;br /&gt;"His are the ships erected upon the sea like tokens." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 36, verse 41-44:&lt;br /&gt;"A sign for them is that We bore their offspring in the loaded Ark. We have created for them similar (vessels) on which they ride. If We will, We drown them and there is no help and they will not be saved unless by Mercy from Us and as a gratification for a time." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The reference here is quite clearly to the vessel bearing man upon the sea, just as, long ago, Noah and the other occupants of the vessel were carried in the Ark that enabled them to reach dry land.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another observed fact concerning the sea stands out, because of its unusual nature, from the verses of the Qur'an devoted to it: three verses refer to certain characteristics shared by great rivers when they flow out into the ocean.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The phenomenon is well known and often seen whereby the immediate mixing of salty seawater and fresh riverwater does not occur. The Qur'an refers to this in the case of what is thought to be the estuary of the Tigris and Euphrates where they unite to form what one might call a 'sea' over 100 miles long, the Shatt Al Arab. At the inner parts of the gulf, the effect of the tides is to produce the welcome phenomenon of the reflux of fresh water to the interior of the dry land, thus ensuring adequate irrigation. To understand the text correctly, one has to know that the English word 'sea' conveys the general meaning of the Arabic word bahr which designates a large mass of water and is equally used for both the sea and the great rivers: the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates for example.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The following are the three verses that describe this phenomenon:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 25, verse 53:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) is the One Who has let free the two seas, one is agreeable and sweet, the other salty and bitter. He placed a barrier between them, a partition that it is forbidden to pass." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 35, verse 12:&lt;br /&gt;"The two seas are not alike. The water of one is agreeable, sweet, pleasant to drink. The other salty and bitter. You eat fresh meat from it and you extract from it ornaments which you wear." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 55, verses 19, 20 and 22:&lt;br /&gt;"He has loosed the two seas. They meet together. Between them there is a barrier which they do not transgress. Out of them come pearls and coral." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition to the description of the main fact, these verses refer to what may be obtained from fresh water and seawater: fish, personal adornment, i.e. coral and pearls. With regard to the phenomenon whereby the river water does not mix with seawater at the estuary, one must understand that this is not peculiar to the Tigris and Euphrates; they are not mentioned by name in the text, but it is thought to refer to them. Rivers with a very large outflow, such as the Mississippi and the Yangtze, have the same peculiarity. the mixing of their fresh water with the salty water of the sea does not often occur until very far out at sea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C. THE EARTH'S RELIEF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The constitution of the Earth is highly complex. Today, it is possible to imagine it very roughly as being formed of a deep layer, at very high temperature, and especially of a central area where rocks are still in fusion, and of a surface layer, the Earth's crust which is solid and cold. The crust is very thin; its thickness is estimated in units of miles or units of ten miles at the most. The Earth's radius is however slightly over 3,750 miles, so that its crust does not represent (on average) one hundredth of the of the sphere's radius. It is upon this skin, as it were, that all geological phenomena have taken place. At the origin of these phenomena are folds that were to form the mountain ranges; their formation is called 'orogenesis' in geology. the process is of considerable importance because with the development of a relief that was to constitute a mountain, the Earth's crust was driven in proportionately far down: this process ensures a foundation in the layer that underlies it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The history of the distribution of the sea and land on the surface of the globe has only recently been established and is still very incomplete, even for the most recent and best known periods. It is likely that the oceans appeared and formed the hydrosphere circa half a billion years ago. The continents were probably a single mass at the end of the primary era, then subsequently broke apart. Some continents or parts of continents have moreover emerged through the formation of mountains in maritime zones (e.g. the North Atlantic continent and part of Europe).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to modern ideas, the dominating factor in the formation of the land that emerged was the development of mountain ranges. The evolution of the land, from the primary to the quaternary era, is classed according to 'orogenic phases' that are themselves grouped into 'cycles' of the same name since the formation of all mountains reliefs had repercussions on the balance between the sea and the continents. It made some parts of the land disappear and others emerge, and for hundreds of millions of years it has altered the surface distribution of the continents and oceans: the former at present only occupying three tenths of the surface of this planet.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this way it is possible to give a very rough outline of the transformations that have taken place over the last hundreds of millions of years.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When referring to the Earth's relief, the Qur'an only describes, as it were, the formation of the mountains. Seen from the present point of view, there is indeed little one can say about the verses that only express God's Beneficence to man with regard to the Earth's formation, as in the following verses:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 71, verses 19 and 20:&lt;br /&gt;"For you God made the earth a carpet so that you travel along its roads and the paths of valleys."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 51, verse 48:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The earth, We have spread it out. How excellently We did that." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The carpet which has been spread out is the Earth's crust, a solidified shell on which we can live, since the globe's sub-strata are very hot, fluid and hostile to any form of life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The statements in the Qur'an referring to the mountains and the references to their stability subsequent to the phenomenon of the folds are very important.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 88, verses 19 &amp; 20. The context invites unbelievers to consider certain natural phenomena, among them:&lt;br /&gt;". . . the mountains, how they have been pitched (like a tent).&lt;br /&gt;The Earth how it was made even." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The following verses give details about the way in which the mountains were anchored in the ground:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 78, verses 6 &amp; 7:&lt;br /&gt;"Have We not made the earth an expanse and the mountains stakes."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The stakes referred to are the ones used to anchor a tent in the ground (autad, plural of watad).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Modern geologists describe the folds in the Earth as giving foundations to the mountains, and their dimensions go roughly one mile to roughly 10 miles. The stability of the Earth's crust results from the phenomenon of these folds.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So it is not surprising to find reflections on the mountains in certain passages of the Qur'an, such as the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 79, verse 32:&lt;br /&gt;"And the mountains (God) has fixed them firmly." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 31, verse 10:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) has cast into the ground (mountains) standing firm, so that it does not shake with you."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The same phrase is repeated in sura 16, verse 15; and the same idea is expressed with hardly any change in sura 21, verse 31:&lt;br /&gt;"We have placed in the ground (mountains) standing firm so that it does not shake with them." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These verses express the idea that the way the mountains are laid out ensures stability and is in complete agreement with geological data.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;D. THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition to certain statements specifically relating to the sky, examined in the preceding chapter, the Qur'an contains several passages dealing with the phenomena that occur in the atmosphere. As for the comparison between them and the data of modern science, it is to be noted here, as elsewhere, that there is absolutely no contradiction between today's modern scientific knowledge and the phenomena described.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Altitude.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A familiar feeling of discomfort experienced at high altitude, which increases the higher one climbs, is expressed in verse 125, sura 6:&lt;br /&gt;"Those whom God wills to guide, He opens their breast to Islam. Those whom He wills lose their way, He makes their breast narrow and constricted, as if they were climbing in the sky." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some commentators have claimed that the notion of discomfort at high altitude was unknown to the Arabs of Muhammad's time. It appears that this was not true at all: the existence on the Arabian Peninsula of peaks rising over two miles high makes it extremely implausible that they should not have known of the difficulty of breathing at high altitude.[69] Others have seen in this verse a prediction of the conquest of space, an opinion that appears to require categorical denial, at least for this passage.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Electricity in the Atmosphere.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Electricity in the atmosphere and the consequences of this, i.e.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;lightning and hail, are referred to in the following verses:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 13, verses 12-13:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) is the One Who shows you the lightning, with fear and covetousness. He raised up the heavy clouds. The thunder glorifies His Praise and so do the angels for awe. He sends the thunder-bolt and strikes with them who He wills while they are disputing about God. He is All Mighty in His Power." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 24, verse 43 (already quoted in this chapter):&lt;br /&gt;"Hast thou not seen that God makes the clouds move gently, then joins them together, then makes them a heap. And thou seest raindrops issuing from within it. He sends down from the sky mountains of hail, He strikes therewith whom He wills and He turns it away from whom He wills. The flashing of its lightning almost snatches away the sight." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In these two verses there is the expression of an obvious correlation between the formation of heavy rainclouds or clouds containing hail and the occurrence of lightning. the former, the subject of covetousness on account of the benefit it represents and the latter, the subject of fear, because when it falls, it is at the will of the All-Mighty. The connection between the two phenomena is verified by present-day knowledge of electricity in the atmosphere.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Shadows.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The phenomenon of shadows and the fact that they move is very simply explained today. It forms the subject of the following observations:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-sura 16, verse 81:&lt;br /&gt;"Out of the things He created, God has given you shade . . ."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 16, verse 48:&lt;br /&gt;"Have (the Unbelievers) not observed that for all the things God created, how their shadow shifts right and left, prostating themselves to God while they are full of humility."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 25, verses 45 and 46:&lt;br /&gt;"Hast thou not seen how thy Lord has spread the shade. If He willed, He could have made it stationary. Moreover We made the sun its guide and We withdraw it towards Us easily." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apart from the phrases dealing with the humility before God of all the things He created, including their shadow, and the fact that God can take back all manifestations of His Power, as He wills, the text of the Qur'an refers to the relationship between the Sun and the shadows. One must bear in mind at this point the fact that, in Muhammad's day, it was believed that the way a shadow moved was governed by the movement of the sun from east to west. This principle was applied in the case of the sundial to measure the time between sunrise and sunset. In this instance, the Qur'an speaks of the phenomenon without referring to the explanation current at the time of the Revelation. It would have been readily accepted for many centuries by those who came after Muhammad. In the end however, it would have been shown to be inaccurate. The Qur'an only talks moreover of the function the sun has as an indicator of shadow. Evidently there is no contradiction between the way the Qur'an describes shadow and what we know of this phenomenon in modern times.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4636715152295985531-6451980180296657258?l=bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/feeds/6451980180296657258/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4636715152295985531&amp;postID=6451980180296657258' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/6451980180296657258'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4636715152295985531/posts/default/6451980180296657258'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://bilgi-ogren.blogspot.com/2007/12/earth.html' title='The Earth'/><author><name>Bilgi Öğren</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/13650408164841298391</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4636715152295985531.post-5872596856256687394</id><published>2007-12-14T04:42:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-14T04:42:45.974-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Astronomy in the Qur'an</title><content type='html'>Astronomy in the Qur'an&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an is full of reflections on the Heavens. In the preceding chapter on the Creation, we saw how the plurality of the Heavens and Earths was referred to, as well as what the Qur'an calls an intermediary creation 'between the Heavens and the Earth', modern science has verified the latter. The verses referring to the Creation already contain a broad idea of what is to be found in the heavens, i.e. of everything outside the earth. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apart from the verses that specifically describe the Creation, there are roughly another forty verses in the Qur'an which provide information on astronomy complementing what has already been given. Some of them are not much more than reflections on the glory of the Creator, the Organizer of all the stellar and planetary systems. These we know to be arranged according to balancing positions whose stability Newton explained in his law of the mutual attraction of bodies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first verses to be quoted here hardly furnish much material for scientific analysis: the aim is simply to draw attention to God's Omnipotence. They must be mentioned however to give a realistic idea of the way the Qur'anic text described the organization of the Universe fourteen centuries ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These references eonstitute a new fact of divine Revelation. The organization of the world is treated in neither the Gospels nor the Old Testament (except for a few notions whose general inaccuracy we have already seen in the Biblical description of the Creation). The Qur'an however deals with this subject in depth. What it describes is important, but so is what it does not contain. It does not in fact provide an account of the theories prevalent at the time of the Revelation that deal with the organization of the celestial world, theories that science was later to show were inaccurate. An example of this will be given later. This negative consideration must however be pointed out.[63]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A. GENERAL REFLECTIONS CONCERNING THE SKY.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 50, verse 6. The subject is man in general.&lt;br /&gt;"Do they not look at the sky above them, how We have built it and adorned it, and there are no rifts in it." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 31, verse 10:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) created the heavens without any pillars that you can see..."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 13, verse 2:&lt;br /&gt;"God is the One Who raised the heavens without any pillars that you can see, then He firmly established Himself on the throne and He subjected the sun and moon . . ." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These two verses refute the belief that the vault of the heavens was held up by pillars, the only things preventing the former from crushing the earth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 55, verse 7:&lt;br /&gt;"the sky (God) raised it . . ." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 22, verse 65:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) holds back the sky from falling on the earth unless by His leave . . ." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is known how the remoteness of celestial masses at great distance and in proportion to the magnitude of their mass itself constitutes the foundation of their equilibrium. The more remote the masses are, the weaker the force is that attracts one to the other. The nearer they are, the stronger the attraction is that one has to the other: this is true for the Moon, which is near to the Earth (astronomically speaking) and exercises an influence by laws of attraction on the position occupied by the waters of the sea, hence the phenomenon of the tides. If two celestial bodies come too close to one another, collision is inevitable. The fact that they are subjected to an order is the sine qua non for the absence of disturbances.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The subjection of the Heavens to divine order is often referred to as well:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 23, verse 86. God is speaking to the Prophet.&lt;br /&gt;"Say: Who is Lord of the seven heavens and Lord of the tremendous throne?" &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We have already seen how by 'seven heavens' what is meant is not 7, but an indefinite number of Heavens.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 45, verse 13:&lt;br /&gt;"For you (God) subjected all that is in the heavens and on the earth, all from Him. Behold! In that are signs for people who reflect."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 55, verse 5:&lt;br /&gt;"The sun and moon (are subjected) to calculations"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 6, verse 96:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) appointed the night for rest and the sun and the moon for reckoning."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 14, verse 33:&lt;br /&gt;"For you (God) subjected the sun and the moon, both diligently pursuing their courses. And for you He subjected the night and the day."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here one verse completes another: the calculations referred to result in the regularity of the course described by the heavenly bodies in question, this is expressed by the word da'ib, the present participle of a verb whose original meaning was 'to work eagerly and assiduously at something'. Here it is given the meaning of 'to apply oneself to something with care in a perseverant, invariable manner, in accordance with set habits'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 36, verse 39: God is speaking:&lt;br /&gt;"And for the moon We have appointed mansions till she returns like an old shriveled palm branch."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is a reference to the curled form of the palm branch which, as it shrivels up, takes on the moon's crescent. This commentary will be completed later.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 16, verse 12:&lt;br /&gt;"For you (God) subjected the night and the day, the sun and the moon; the stars are in subjection to His Command. Verily in this are signs for people who are wise." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The practical angle from which this perfect celestial order is seen is underlined on account of its value as an aid to man's travel on earth and by sea, and to his calculation of time. This comment becomes clear when one bears in mind the fact that the Qur'an was originally a preaching addressed to men who only understood the simple language of their everyday lives. This explains the presence of the following reflections.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 6, verse 97:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) is the One Who has set out for you the stars, that you may guide yourselves by them through the darkness of the land and of the sea. We have detailed the signs for people who know."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 16, verse 16:&lt;br /&gt;"(God sets on the earth) landmarks and by the stars (men) guide themselves."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 10, verse 5:&lt;br /&gt;"God is the One Who made the sun a shining glory and the moon a light and for her ordained mansions, so that you might know the number of years and the reckoning (of the time). God created this in truth. He explains the signs in detail for people who know." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This calls for some comment. Whereas the Bible calls the Sun and Moon 'lights', and merely adds to one the adjective 'greater' and to the other 'lesser', the Qur'an ascribes differences other than that of dimension to each respectively. Agreed, this is nothing more than a verbal distinction, but how was one to communicate to men at this time without confusing them, while at the same time expressing the notion that the Sun and Moon were not absolutely identical 'lights'?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;B. NATURE OF HEAVENLY BODIES.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Sun and the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Sun is a shining glory (diya') and the Moon a light (nur). This translation would appear to be more correct than those given by others, where the two terms are inverted. In fact there is little difference in meaning since diya' belongs to a root (dw') which, according to Kazimirski's authoritative Arabic/French dictionary, means 'to be bright, to shine' (e.g. like a fire). The same author attributes to the substantive in question the meaning of 'light'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The difference between Sun and Moon will be made clearer by further quotes from the Qur'an.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 25, verse 61:&lt;br /&gt;"Blessed is the One Who placed the constellations in heaven and placed therein a lamp and a moon giving light." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 71, 15-16:&lt;br /&gt;"Did you see how God created seven heavens one above an other and made the moon a light therein and made the sun a lamp?" &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 78, verses 12-13:&lt;br /&gt;"We have built above you seven strong (heavens) and placed a blazing lamp." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The blazing lamp is quite obviously the sun.&lt;br /&gt;Here the moon is defined as a body that gives light (munir) from the same root as nur (the light applied to the Moon). The Sun however is compared to a torch (siraj) or a blazing (wahhaj) lamp.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A man of Muhammad's time could easily distinguish between the Sun, a blazing heavenly body well known to the inhabitants of the desert, and the Moon, the body of the cool of the night. The comparisons found in the Qur'an on this subject are therefore quite normal. What is interesting to note here is the sober quality of the comparisons, and the absence in the text of the Qur'an of any elements of comparison that might have prevailed at the time and which in our day would appear as phantasmagorial.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is known that the Sun is a star that generates intense heat and light by its internal combustions, and that the Moon, which does not give of flight itself, and is an inert body (on its external layers at least) merely reflects the light received from the Sun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is nothing in the text of the Qur'an that contradicts what we know today about these two celestial bodies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Stars.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As we know, the stars are heavenly bodies like the Sun. They are the scene of various physical phenomena of which the easiest to observe is their generation of light. They are heavenly bodies that produce their own light.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The word 'star' appears thirteen times in the Qur'an (najm, plural nujum); it comes from a root meaning to appear, to come into sight. The word designates a visible heavenly body without saying of what kind, i.e. either generator of light or mere reflector of light received. To make it clear that the object so designated is a star, a qualifying phrase is added as in the following sura:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 86, verses 1-3:&lt;br /&gt;"By the sky and the Night-Visitor, who will tell thee what the Night-Visitor is, the Star of piercing brightness."[64] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The evening star is qualified in the Qur'an by the word takib meaning 'that which pierces through something' (here the night shadows) . The same word is moreover used to designate shooting stars (sura 37, verse 10): the latter are the result of combustion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Planets.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is difficult to say whether these are referred to in the Qur'an with the same exact meaning that is given to the heavenly bodies in the present day.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The planets do not have their own light. They revolve around the Sun, Earth being one of them. While one may presume that others exist elsewhere, the only ones known are those in the solar system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Five planets other than Earth were known to the ancients: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Three have been discovered in recent times: Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an would seem to designate these by the word kaukab (plural kawakib) without stating their number. Joseph's dream (sum 12) refers to eleven of them, but the description is, by definition, an imaginary one.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A good definition of the meaning of the word kaukab in the Qur'an Seems to have been given in a very famous verse. The eminently spiritual nature of its deeper meaning stands forth, and is moreover the subject of much debate among experts in exegesis. It is nevertheless of great interest to offer an account of the comparison it contains on the subject of the word that would seem to designate a 'planet'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is the text in question: (sura 24, verse 35) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"God is the light of the heavens and the earth. The similitude of His light is as if there were a niche and within it a luminary. The luminary is in a glass. The glass is as if it were a planet glittering like a pearl." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here the subject is the projection of light onto a body that reflects it (glass) and gives it the glitter of a pearl, like a planet that is lit by the sun. This is the only explanatory detail referring to this word to be found in the Qur'an.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The word is quoted in other verses. In some of them it is difficult to distinguish which heavenly bodies are meant (sura 6, verse 76; sura 82, verses 1-2).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In one verse however, when seen in the light of modern science, it would seem very much that these can only be the heavenly bodies that we know to be planets. In sura 37, verse 6, we see the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We have indeed adorned the lowest heaven with an ornament, the planets." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Is it possible that the expression in the Qur'an 'lowest heaven' means the 'solar system'? It is known that among the celestial elements nearest to us, there are no other permanent elements apart from the planets: the Sun is the only star in the system that bears its name. It is difficult to see what other heavenly bodies could be meant if not the planets. The translation given would therefore seem to be correct and the Qur'an to refer to the existence of the planets as defined in modern times.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Lowest Heaven.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an mentions the lowest heaven several times along with the heavenly bodies of which it is composed. The first among these would seem to be the planets, as we have just seen. When however the Qur'an associates material notions intelligible to us, enlightened as we are today by modern science, with statements of a purely spiritual nature, their meaning becomes obscure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thus the verse quoted could easily be understood, except that the following verse (7) of the same sura 37 speaks of a 'guard against every rebellious evil spirit', 'guard' again being referred to in sura 21, verse 32 and sura 41, verse 12, so that we are confronted by statements of quite a different kind.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What meaning can one attach moreover to the 'projectiles for the stoning of demons' that according to verse 5, sura 67 are situated in the lowest heaven? Do the 'luminaries' referred to in the same verse have something to do with the shooting stars mentioned above?[65] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All these observations seem to lie outside the subject of this study. They have been mentioned here for the sake of completeness. At the present stage however, it would seem that scientific data are unable to cast any light on a subject that goes beyond human understanding.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C. CELESTIAL ORGANIZATION.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The information the Qur'an provides on this subject mainly deals with the solar system. References are however made to phenomena that go beyond the solar system itself: they have been discovered in recent times.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are two very important verses on the orbits of the Sun and Moon:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 21, verse 33:&lt;br /&gt;"(God is) the One Who created the night, the day, the sun and the moon. Each one is travelling in an orbit with its own motion."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 36, verse 40:&lt;br /&gt;"The sun must not catch up the moon, nor does the night outstrip the day. Each one is travelling in an orbit with its own motion." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here an essential fact is clearly stated: the existence of the Sun's and Moon's orbits, plus a reference is made to the travelling of these bodies in space with their own motion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A negative fact also emerges from a reading of these verses: it is shown that the Sun moves in an orbit, but no indication is given as to what this orbit might be in relation to the Earth. At the time of the Qur'anic Revelation, it was thought that the Sun moved while the Earth stood still. This was the system of geocentrism that had held sway since the time of ptolemy, Second century B.C., and was to continue to do so until Copernicus in the Sixteenth century A.D. Although people supported this concept at the time of Muhammad, it does not appear anywhere in the Qur'an, either here or elsewhere.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Existence of the Moon's and the Sun's Orbits.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Arabic word falak has here been translated by the word 'orbit'. many French translators of the Qur'an attach to it the meaning of a 'sphere'. This is indeed its initial sense. Hamidullah translates it by the word 'orbit'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The word caused concern to older translators of the Qur'an who were unable to imagine the circular course of the Moon and the Sun and therefore retained images of their course through space that were either more or less correct, or hopelessly wrong. Si Hamza Boubekeur in his translation of the Qur'an cites the diversity of interpretations given to it: "A sort of axle, like an iron rod, that a mill turns around; a celestial sphere, orbit, sign of the zodiac, speed, wave . . .", but he adds the following observation made by Tabari, the famous Tenth century commentator: "It is our duty to keep silent when we do not know." (XVII, 15). This shows just how incapable men were of understanding this concept of the Sun's and Moon's orbit. It is obvious that if the word had expressed an astronomical concept common in Muhammad's day, it would not have been so difficult to interpret these verses. A Dew concept therefore existed in the Qur'an that was not to be explained until centuries later.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. The Moon's Orbit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Today, the concept is widely spread that the Moon is a satellite of the Earth around which it revolves in periods of twenty-nine days. A correction must however be made to the absolutely circular form of its orbit, since modern astronomy ascribes a certain eccentricity to this, so that the distance between the Earth and the Moon (240,000 miles) is only the average distance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We have seen above how the Qur'an underlined the usefulness of observing the Moon's movements in calculating time (sura 10, verse 5, quoted at the beginning of this chapter.) This system has often been criticized for being archaic, impractical and unscientific in comparison to our system based on the Earth's rotation around the Sun, expressed today in the Julian calendar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This criticism calls for the following two remarks:&lt;br /&gt;a) Nearly fourteen centuries ago, the Qur'an was directed at the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula who were used to the lunar calculation of time. It was advisable to address them in the only language they could understand and not to upset the habits they had of locating spatial and temporal reference-marks which were nevertheless quite efficient. It is known how well-versed men living in the desert are in the observation of the sky. they navigated according to the stars and told the time according to the phases of the Moon. Those were the simplest and most reliable means available to them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b) Apart from the specialists in this field, most people are unaware of the perfect correlation between the Julian and the lunar calendar: 235 lunar months correspond exactly to 19 Julian years of 365 1/4 days. Then length of our year of 365 days is not perfect because it has to be rectified every four years (with a leap year) .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;With the lunar calendar, the same phenomena occur every 19 years (Julian). This is the Metonic cycle, named after the Greek astronomer Meton, who discovered this exact correlation between solar and lunar time in the Fifth century B.C.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. The Sun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is more difficult to conceive of the Sun's orbit because we are so used to seeing our solar system organized around it. To understand the verse from the Qur'an, the position of the Sun in our galaxy must be considered, and we must therefore call on modern scientific ideas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Our galaxy includes a very large number of stars spaced so as to form a disc that is denser at the centre than at the rim. The Sun occupies a position in it which is far removed from the centre of the disc. The galaxy revolves on its own axis which is its centre with the result that the Sun revolves around the same centre in a circular orbit. Modern astronomy has worked out the details of this. In 1917, Shapley estimated the distance between the Sun and the centre of our galaxy at 10 kiloparsecs i.e., in miles, circa the figure 2 followed by 17 zeros. To complete one revolution on its own axis, the galaxy and Sun take roughly 250 million years. The Sun travels at roughly 150 miles per second in the completion of this.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The above is the orbital movement of the Sun that was already referred to by the Qur'an fourteen centuries ago. The demonstration of the existence and details of this is one of the achievements of modern astronomy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reference to the Movement of the Moon and the Sun &lt;br /&gt;in Space With Their Own Motion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This concept does not appear in those translations of the Qur'an that have been made by men of letters. Since the latter know nothing about astronomy, they have translated the Arabic word that expresses this movement by one of the meanings the word has: 'to swim'. They have done this in both the French translations and the, otherwise remarkable, English translation by Yusuf Ali.[66] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Arabic word referring to a movement with a self-propelled motion is the verb sabaha (yasbahuna in the text of the two verses). All the senses of the verb imply a movement that is associated with a motion that comes from the body in question. If the movement takes place in water, it is 'to swim'; it is 'to move by the action of one's own legs' if it takes place on land. For a movement that occurs in space, it is difficult to see how else this meaning implied in the word could be rendered other than by employing its original sense. Thus there seems to have been no mistranslation, for the following reasons.&lt;br /&gt;-The Moon completes its rotating motion on its own axis at the same time as it revolves around the Earth, i.e. 291/2 days (approx.), so that it always has the same side facing us.&lt;br /&gt;-The Sun takes roughly 25 days to revolve on its own axis. There are certain differences in its rotation at its equator and poles, (we shall not go into them here) but as a whole, the Sun is animated by a rotating motion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It appears therefore that a verbal nuance in the Qur'an refers to the Sun and Moon's own motion. These motions of the two celestial bodies are confirmed by the data of modern science, and it is inconceivable that a man living in the Seventh century A.D.-however knowledgeable he might have been in his day (and this was certainly not true in Muhammad's case) -could have imagined them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This view is sometimes contested by examples from great thinkers of antiquity who indisputably predicted certain data that modern science has verified. They could hardly have relied on scientific deduction however; their method of procedure was more one of philosophical reasoning. Thus the case of the pythagoreans is often advanced. In the Sixth century B.C., they defended the theory of the rotation of the Earth on its own axis and the movement of the planets around the Sun. This theory was to be confirmed by modern science. By comparing it with the case of the Pythagoreans, it is easy to put forward the hypothesis of Muhammad as being a brilliant thinker, who was supposed to have imagined all on his own what modern science was to discover centuries later. In so doing however, people quite simply forget to mention the other aspect of what these geniuses of philosophical reasoning produced, i.e. the colossal blunders that litter their work. It must be remembered for example, that the Pythagoreans also defended the theory whereby the Sun was fixed in space; they made it the centre of the world and only conceived of a celestial order that was centered on it. It is quite common in the works of the great philosophers of antiquity to find a mixture of valid and invalid ideas about the Universe. The brilliance of these human works comes from the advanced ideas they contain, but they should not make us overlook the mistaken concepts which have also been left to us. From a strictly scientific point of view, this is what distinguished them from the Qur'an. In the latter, many subjects are referred to that have a bearing on modern knowledge without one of them containing a statement that contradicts what has been established by present-day science.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Sequence of Day and Night.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At a time when it was held that the Earth was the centre of the world and that the Sun moved in relation to it, how could any one have failed to refer to the Sun's movement when talking of the sequence of night and day? This is not however referred to in the Qur'an and the subject is dealt with as follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 7, verse 54:&lt;br /&gt;"(God) covers the day with the night which is in haste to follow it . . ." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 36, verse 37:&lt;br /&gt;"And a sign for them (human beings) is the night. We strip it of the day and they are in darkness." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 31, verse 29:&lt;br /&gt;"Hast thou not seen how God merges the night into the day and merges the day into the night." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--sura 39, verse 5:&lt;br /&gt;". . . He coils the night upon the day and He coils the day upon the night." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first verse cited requires no comment. The second simply provides an image.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is mainly the third and fourth verses quoted above that provide interesting material on the process of interpenetration and especially of winding the night upon the day and the day upon the night. (sura 39, verse 5) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'To coil' or 'to wind' seems, as in the French translation by R. Blachère, to be the best way of translating the Arabic verb kawwara. The original meaning of the verb is to 'coil' a turban around the head; the notion of coiling is preserved in all the other senses of the word.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What actually happens however in space? American astronauts have seen and photographed what happens from their spaceships, especially at a great distance from Earth, e.g. from the Moon. They saw how the Sun permanently lights up (except in the case of an eclipse) the half of the Earth's surface that is facing it, while the other half of the globe is in darkness. The Earth turns on its own axis and the lighting remains the same, so that an area in the form of a half-sphere makes one revolution around the Earth in twenty-four hours while the other half-sphere, that has remained in darkness, makes the same revolution in the same time. This perpetual rotation of night and day is quite clearly described in the Qur'an. It is easy for the human understanding to grasp this notion nowadays because we have the idea of the Sun's (relative) immobility and the Earth's rotation. This process of perpetual coiling, including the interpenetration of one sector by another is expressed in the Qur'an just as if the concept of the Earth's roundness had already been conceived at the time-which was obviously not the case.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Further to the above reflections on the sequence of day and night, one must also mention, with a quotation of some verses from the Qur'an, the idea that there is more than one Orient and one Occident. This is of purely descriptive interest because these phenomena rely on the most commonplace observations. The idea is mentioned here with the aim of reproducing as faithfully as possible all that the Qur'an has to say on this subject.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The following are examples:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;--In sura 70 verse 40, the expression 'Lord of Orients and Occidents'.&lt;br /&gt;--In sura 55, verse 17, the expression 'Lord of the two Orients and the two Occidents'.&lt;br /&gt;--In sura 43, verse 38, a reference to the 'distance between the two Orients', an image intended to express the immense size of the distance separating the two points.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Anyone who carefully watches the sunrise and sunset knows that the Sun rises at different point of the Orient and sets at different points of the Occident, according to season. Bearings taken on each of the horizons define the extreme limits that mark the two Orients and Occidents, and between these there are points marked off throughout the year. The phenomenon described here is rather commonplace, but what mainly deserves attention in this chapter are the other. topics dealt with, where the description of astronomical phenomena referred to in the Qur'an is in keeping with modern data.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;D. EVOLUTION OF THE HEAVENS.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Having called modern concepts on the formation of the Universe to mind, reference was made to the evolution that took place, starting with primary nebula through to the formation of galaxies, stars and (for the solar system) the appearance of planets beginning with the Sun at a certain stage of its evolution. Modern data lead us to believe that in the solar system, and more generally in the Universe itself, this evolution is still continuing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How can anybody who is aware of these ideas fail to make a comparison with certain statements found in the Qur'an in which the manifestations of divine Omnipotence are referred to.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an reminds us several times that: "(God) subjected the sun and the moon: each one runs its course to an appointed term." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This sentence is to be found in sura 13, verse 2. sura 31, verse 29; sura 35, verse 13 and sura 39, verse 5.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition to this, the idea of a settled place is associated with the concept of a destination place in sura 36, verse 38: "The Sun runs its course to a settled place. This is the decree of the All Mighty, the Full of Knowledge." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'Settled place' is the translation of the word mustaqarr and there can be no doubt that the idea of an exact place is attached to it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How do these statements fare when compared with data established by modern science?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Qur'an gives an end to the Sun for its evolution and a destination place. It also provides the Moon with a settled place. To understand the possible meanings of these statements, we must remember what modern knowledge has to say about the evolution of the stars in general and the Sun in particular, and (by extension) the celestial bodies that automatically followed its movement through space, among them the Moon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Sun is a star that is roughly 4½ billion years old, according to experts in astrophysics. It is possible to distinguish a stage in its evolution, as one can for all the stars. At present, the Sun is at an early stage, characterized by the transformation of hydrogen atoms into helium atoms. Theoretically, this present stage should last another 5½ billion years according to calculations that allow a total of 10 billion years for the duration of the primary stage in a star of this kind. It has already been shown, in the case of these other stars, that this stage gives way to a second period characterized by the completion of the transformation of hydrogen into helium, with the resulting expansion of its external layers and the cooling of the Sun. In the final stage, its light is greatly diminished and density considerably increased; this is to be observed in the type of star known as a 'white dwarf'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The above dates are only of interest in as far as they give a rough estimate of the time factor involved, what is worth remembering and is really the main point of the above, is the notion of an evolution. Modern data allow us to predict that, in a few billion years, the conditions prevailing in the solar system will not be the same as they are today. Like other stars whose transformations have been recorded until they reached their final stage, it is possible to predict an end to the Sun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The second verse quoted above (sur'a 36, verse 38) referred to the Sun running its course towards a place of its own.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Modern astronomy has been able to locate it exactly and has even given it a name, the Solar. Apex: the solar. system is indeed evolving in space towards a point situated i
